Californias Government

Californias Government California's Government California, likewise moniker the Golden State, was set up in 1850. The Compromise of 1850 made California a free state and the thirty-first state in the association. In 1848 gold was found in California making California the most important real estate parcel of the United Stated. Starting today, California is the most extravagant and most impressive state in the country. One valid justification California picks up its riches is from the way that the individuals in a free majority rules system society rule California's arrangement of government.One of the establishments California's legislature is so significant and very much organized is through industrialist popular government. Without common freedoms as our characteristic right, California's legislature wouldn't be a free majority rules system state without the voices of the individuals. Through the right to speak freely, the individuals of California can give activity and choice to improve California's arra ngement of government.California's type of government is agent democracy.Big Sur, CaliforniaThe individuals of California choose their own congressperson, get together part, and other government officials to make and implement laws and strategies that are passed by the individuals of California. This strategy where the individuals can propose a law or a protected correction is call activity. Our state government is run from the assent of the people.Almost like the US government, California has its own council. California lawmaking body branch is a bicameral body that contains forty individual from the senate and eighty individuals for the get together. The senates are chosen for a long time and the get together part are chosen for just two years term. The legislators in a state congress have more force than the gathering part. Every congressperson runs a locale with equivalent populace in every region as all legislators that administer a district.Like our country's leader, Californi a voters additionally choose an official for run...

Economic Term and Healthcare History Essay Example for Free

Monetary Term and Healthcare History Essay During history, social insurance financial matters has changed significantly. The primary explanation that improvement change in social insurance monetary are innovation and clinical consideration, anyway a great deal has to do with developmental changes that the U.S. suffered from the earliest starting point. It is extremely basic to fathom human services income framework and financial history. Chairmen utilize this information to help compose the eventual fate of the enterprise. In this paper, I intend to utilize the terms to expound on the history and development of medicinal services financial matters and the course of events of account. Prior to the time of 1990, there was not a huge human services in America. American clinical affiliation was simply beginning, individual were utilizing home solution for treat ailments, doctor was making house call and exchange administration for good, facility were simply beginning, and there were nothing of the sort as medical coverage. In any case, among the age of 1901 and 1940 human services and treatment rolled out some huge improvement. Facility turned out to be progressively vital Antibiotics were discovered, enhancements were made in neatness, and people thought of thoughts for work advantage. Additionally, people thought of thoughts for medical coverage. In the time of 1960 standardized savings has been completed, Medicare Medicaid contracted into law, and Health Insurance Company were coming up all finished (PBS, 1960). In the time of 1970, HMO came as a result, and the expense of medicinal services began running wild and expanding. Since we place extraordinary incentive on wellbeing, human services wind up costing a great deal. Wellbeing is so imperative to us that it go past the staff we have. The quantity of years master applies in preparing the more cash government utilizes on general wellbeing. Likewise, medical coverage plans give by foundation are result as the noteworthiness society put on human services. Generally significant, the way that what doctor give is critical to us, we are eager to spend a ton on their preparation. Human services cost keeps on expanding in the course of recent years. This causes an issue for the older and low pay person. For instance, older and low pay individuals family members can't get wellbeing treatment. Duringâ the most recent 10 years, government have pushed for a national social insurance framework. On March 23, 2010 the Affordable Care Act become order (HHS, 2010). This is to modernize the human services business, ensuring people can get medical coverage and administration, decrease protection trick, and diminish the expense of medicinal services. In the time of 2014, this is believed to be finished. Financial aspects, microeconomics (specific angle monetary identified with firm), macroeconomics (general perspective monetary identifie d with firm), Supply, request, Inelasticity, versatility, and GDP (absolute market esteem). While worried with Economics, it is a great idea to investigate and test approaches to sort out and fund the framework so as to improve understanding consideration. At its most fundamental level, medicinal services is a bunch of budgetary exchanges, wherein patients are getting protection, doctors and clinics offer types of assistance, drug stores give meds, and insurance agencies pay for those merchandise and ventures. So to comprehend wellbeing financial matters, you should follow the cash. When following the progression of assets through the social insurance framework, its essential to know that the cash trail is continually moving, altering course and size. Generally significant, the objective is to improve the conveyance of wellbeing administrations, subsidize imaginative and practical clinical strategies, cut the expenses of medical coverage, improve the countries wellbeing through counteraction and better sustenance, and dispense with join and debasement in the human services industry while raising it to a level that is consistent with the remainder of the world. While worried with gracefully and request, serious markets use costs to apportion merchandise and enterprises to clients who need them the most (in money related terms) and to pay providers for creating those products and ventures (Thomas E. Getzen, 2007). Most genuine markets and for all intents and purposes every clinical market withdraw somewhat from the model of immaculate rivalry. By and by, its a helpful beginning stage for assessing the financial powers that shape human exchanges, in any event, when time, torment, hazard, and custom reason considerable deviations from the basic model. The interest bend has been talked about finally. Be that as it may, shouldn't something be said about flexibly? Once more, its essential to take note of that the financial idea of flexibly is constantly a gracefully bend. A flexibly bend is a chart (or timetable) that shows the aggregate sum of a decent that dealers wish to sell at each cost. This bend accentuates change, permitting us to concentrate on a scope of answers showing how firms will differ the sum provided as the cost increments or diminishes. Simply the demandâ curve the peripheral advantage bend demonstrating how individuals the market willing compensation for more unit great impeccable rivalry the flexibly bend negligible cost bend indicating what amount paid incite the market give more unit. Firms confronting inelastic interest see that the all out income goes down when they sell more units. Firms confronting flexible interest find that benefits increment when costs are diminished to sell more unit s. Firms confronting unit versatility see that all out incomes stay unaffected. Most clinical consideration is moderately inelastic. Torment, basic needs, dread of hazard, and protection will in general diminishing the job of cost in tolerant dynamic. Note what befalls a firm that sells a greater amount of an inelastic decent: Because expanding the amount sold by 2 percent requires a significant decrease in esteem, maybe 10 percent, the firm loses cash. Most medical clinics face exceptionally inelastic interest, particularly for crisis administrations, yet they charge not as much as benefit augmenting costs. Why dont they charge more if doing so would expand benefits? The reasons are many, running from the craving to help the poor to managerial powers over suitable changes. Additionally, the affectability to value change today is essentially not exactly a definitive reaction to a value change over the long haul. Some clinical goodsâ€especially those for which customers have a few options and enough data ahead of time of procurement, for example, hypersensitiv ity medicationsâ€are value versatile. For these merchandise, absolute incomes would decay if costs were expanded. Along these lines, its almost certain that a clinical supplier confronting flexible interest is carrying on increasingly like a standard benefit expanding firm. In any case, value controls, casual standards about cheating, and different deviations from impeccable rivalry may in any case be huge, even in the more value delicate clinical markets. All in all, history human services financial matters has changed impressively. The essential explanation that boost change in human services monetary are innovation and clinical consideration, anyway a great deal has to do with transformative changes that the U.S. suffered from the earliest starting point. It is extremely basic to fathom human services income framework and financial history. Heads utilize this information to help arrange the fate of the organization. Since change social insurance improve the conveyance wellbeing administrations store and clinical strat egies cut the costs medical coverage improve the country wellbeing counteraction and better sustenance and take out join and debasement the human services industry while raising it is consistent the rest the world Most critical, in this paper I explained on the history andâ evolution of medicinal services financial matters and the timetable of money utilizing the term. References HHS. (2010, March). Key Features of the Affordable Care Act. Recovered from U.S Department of Health Human Services: http://www.hhs.gov/social insurance/realities/course of events/index.html PBS. (1960). Medicinal services emergency History. Recovered from http://www.pbs.org/healthcarecrisis/history.htm Thomas E. Getzen, J. M. (2007). The Flow of Funds Through the Health Care System. Recovered from Wiley Pathways Health Care Economics: https://newclassroom3.phoenix.edu/Classroom/#/contextid/OSIRIS:42330586/setting/co/see/activityDetails/action/699329c0-2f30-4b04-b7f8-5fbcc80d8738/extended/False

interest rates news COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

interest rates news COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog Interest rates has been on the minds of many students thinking about taking out a loan Congress recently passed a rare bipartisan bill that set interest rates on federal student loans, The Bipartisan Student Loan Certainty Act of 2013.   While most of the discussion and media attention centered on loans for undergraduates, there is good news for SIPA students.   For all loans first disbursed between July 1, 2013 and June 30, 2014, the interest rate for the Unsubsidized Federal Direct Student Loan has been lowered from 6.8% to 5.41%.   For Graduate PLUS loans, the rate has been reduced from 7.9% to 6.41%.   These rates will be fixed for the life of the loan; the rates on any loans borrowed previously were not changed. Interest rates will be adjusted annually.   As rates are expected to climb in the coming years, loans for 2014/15 beyond could be higher.   The bill signed by President Obama, in fact, sets caps for rates higher than what they have been; 9.5% and 10.5% respectively. If you have any questions, please contact the SIPA Financial Aid Office at sipa_finaid@columbia.edu or 212-854-6216.

Abortion Essay - 1038 Words

Abortion is one of the most controversial issues in America today. Abortion is the ending of pregnancy before birth. There are approximately 1.5 million abortions every year in this country. Abortion was made legal in the 1970s. However, pro-life activists argue that it is murder. Should the government have the legal power to take away a woman\\s right to make decisions regarding her own body? An abortion results in the death of an embryo or a fetus. Abortion destroys the lives of helpless, innocent children. In many countries abortion is illegal. By aborting these unborn infants, humans are hurting themselves; they are not allowing themselves to meet these new identities and unique personalities. Abortion is very simply wrong. Everyone†¦show more content†¦When humans cannot control their careless sexual drives it leads them to pregnancy. If humans are responsible enough to be sexually active, they should also be responsible to accept consequences, and if those consequences include becoming pregnant and creating a life like no other, then that life should have the chance to live. Whether born or unborn, there should be a bond or relationship between a mother and child. The Vatican teaches that all humans have a right to life, from the moment of conception until the natural moment of death. According to the Catholic church, a person is living when as young as an embryo, which refers to an organism at its early stage of development, through the fetus stage, which is from the end of the eighth week until birth and when considered a baby, until the last second of life before death. It is selfish to abort an unborn child. This child could have been meant to create world peace, make the invention of the century, find a cure for AIDS or other deadly diseases or maybe have children of his or her own. There is no excuse for having an abortion. Pro-choice followers advocate abortion if the child is an outcome of rape, a painful reminder, may be born defected, or if the female is too young. Adoption agencies are found global and are ready to give these unwanted children an opportunity to live a family that wants them and will give them an adequate amount of love. There are many different views on abortion in the UnitedShow MoreRelatedAbortion : Abortion And Abortion998 Words   |  4 PagesAbortion Abortion is defined in several ways all of which stop a pregnancy. There are different ways of abortion, which are spontaneous abortion, surgical abortion, and medical abortion. Abortion has been arguable topic for decades. One can neither believe abortion to be good nor bad. The idea of individuality and human life is not quite the same. Idea of human life has come from conception; simultaneously on the other hand, fertilizer eggs used for in vitro fertilization are also human lives butRead MoreAbortion : Abortion And Abortion Essay921 Words   |  4 PagesPaper: Abortion Laws The topic of abortion is a widely debated and very heated topic in Texas. The Republican party’s platform supports family values and are completely against abortion under any circumstances, including abortifacients. The Democrat party’s platform supports the rights for women to make choices about their own bodies. They support abortifacients and a person’s right to have an abortion. There is also a large percentage of those that are in the middle in that they believe abortion shouldRead MoreAbortion, The, And Abortion998 Words   |  4 PagesIn the United States there are more than a billion abortions performed each year. Since the court case Roe vs Wade in 1973 more than 56 million babies have been murdered in the United States before they had the chance to take their first breath (Snyder, Michael). These statics along with many more show the huge injustice that is happening in the country I call home. Abortion is defined as the removal of an embryo or fetus from the uterus in order to end a pregnancy. It can include any of variousRead MoreAbortion : Abortion And Anti Abortion1624 Words   |  7 Pagesa very large controversy between the ideas about abortion and anti-abortion. Different religious views, beliefs, peoples many different customs and even people of different cultures all have their own preferences and ideas on the take of this political issue. Views against abortion can lead to as much of an impact as a violent/non violent riots outside of an abortion clinics, to something as simple article in the newspaper. The belief on abortion that leads to a lot of the controversy is that inRead MoreAbortion, The, And Abortion Essay1656 Words   |  7 Pages An abortion is when the pregnancy of a women is ended; it is called sometimes Termination of pregnancy. There are two types of abortion. The first type is the spontaneous abortion; it occurs within the first two months. What causes it is frequently unknown yet is probably the results of intra-uterine contamination, or limited attachment in the building unborn child to the interior coating walls in the womb (uterus). Such conditions this unborn child, if the idea advances further, mayRead MoreAbortion, The, And Abortion953 Words   |  4 Pagesdebates that is constantly talked about is abortion. When it comes to abortion, the laws vary depending on the state you live in. Whether people support or are against abortion, few actually know about the abortion process. Have you ever heard of suction aspiration or prostaglandin chemical abortion? Those are two of the various methods that are performed in the different trimesters of pregnancy. According to writer Steven Ertelt of Li feNews.com, Oklahoma’s abortion laws are restrictive compared to otherRead MoreAbortion : Abortion And Abortion1930 Words   |  8 PagesAbortion has been around for quite some time. Laws have been set allowing it and banning it during different periods of time. The procedures that can be done are all very different. There is a medical abortion involving drugs and there are surgical abortion involving a more invasive procedure. There are also different points of view on it. There are those who fully support the termination of a pregnancy and those who are completely against it. There are many factors to consider and very differentRead MoreAbortion And Abortion2038 Words   |  9 PagesMostly seen as a religious issue, abortions are anything but that. Biology and science are the only deciding factors when it comes down to it. Science is the only thing that can prove whether an unborn child is living; no religion can do that. Through modern science and technology, it has been proven and well documented that human life does in fact begin at conception. The scientific evidence also contradicted the court ruling in the Roe v. Wade case, where it was stated that the Court could notRead MoreAbortion : The Fight For Abortion1543 Words   |  7 PagesAlthough abortion was decriminalized in 1973, the fight for abortion rights did not end with Roe v. Wade. Just in the past three years, there have been systematic restrictions on abortion rights sweeping the country sate by state. In 2013, 22 states enacted 70 antiabortion measures, including pre-viability abortion bans, unnecessary doctor and clinic procedures, limits on medicated abortion, and bans on insurance coverage of abortion In 2011, 92 abortion restrictions were enacted, an in 2012, thatRead MoreAbortion : The Issue Of Abortion1212 Words   |  5 PagesThe topic of abortion has been an ongoing debate for many years. According to ProChoice.org, abortion was legal in in the days of the early settlers . At the time that the constitution was adopted abortions were legal. Abortions were openly advertised and performed before the first fetal movement (13-16 weeks from the start of a women’s last period). The concern for abortion started in the late 1800’s when immigrants were coming into the country in large numbers and the fear was that they would produce

The Mystery of Custom Term Paper Assistance That No One Is Discussing

The Mystery of Custom Term Paper Assistance That No One Is Discussing On top of that, it's easy term get started and we can help you receive the content you require for a wide variety of subjects and topics. Following that, you should expertise yourself to argue your opinion on any sort of topic. Simply take some time and use the chance to select the topic you love. Selecting a topic is a rather important job. Life, Death, and Custom Term Paper Assistance If you are searching for a credible term paper writing service, you might take a look at our site. The actual men and women highly praise our essay help site. It is normal for a site offering free term papers to make available a database of dozens of unique reports in a selection of subjects. You don't need to be worried about it with our site while buying essays online! Up in Arms About Custom Term Paper Assistance? Even though there are lots of similar companies out there, our organization is different since our writ ers can cater to different subjects. Therefore, should you need to by a research paper, you will discover thousands of businesses competing for your industry. The further sources are sometimes not available or helpful. You ought to use the remainder of the inexpensive writers services uk generating biology essays cheap explain why the business is authentic. On the flip side, if you take assistance from any of your pals or other inexperienced individual, they may not provide you the guarantee of enjoying the maximum grade. There are big advantages of gambling online rather than live games at land-based casinos. You have to devote a certain sum of time sitting in the library or surfing the internet as a way to locate some helpful data for your academic paper. Let our service provide you with the freedom of planning your absolutely free time the way that you desire. Regardless of the absolutely free theme, it's the exact same work, in the same way as any other essay, which me ans no more freedom there. If you are searching for top essay writing companies, try out the mentioned above. If you're worried that you won't have the ability to locate an inexpensive essay writing service capable of dealing with your academic papers, we're here to prove you wrong. Therefore, should you need an essay or APA term paper, for example, you can call or text us. In the event you require any changes in your paper after it's completed you can ask for free revision. Many students search for a totally free research paper they can use as their own assignment draft or example of suitable form and fashion. You learn to compose papers. Just imagine how difficult it is to write three research papers with many themes at a moment! Not just that, but when you order custom term paper assistance from us you will also be in a position to remain in touch with your preferred writer all the way through the duration of the job. Following that, you'll have perfectly-done paper sa mples at hand, so that you can use them as educational tools and boost your own skills! A better idea is to locate a great firm and negotiate for a price that would agree with your pockets. The major point that you have to notice as you undergo the practice of preparing the conclusion component of the expression paper is it should contain the summarization of all of the points which is being mentioned in the entire project. The Custom Term Paper Assistance Cover Up Think about the options 100% custom designed papers allows you to make a paper you know is plagiarism free, term papers full of quality information that could get you the grade you're looking for without the hassles of completely free term paper help. Rather, our papers are unquestionably custom-made. If you are aware of how to compose an essay, it would be simpler for you to develop a superior research paper. Although essays and research papers can be an issue, term papers are far more complex than a lot of the ac ademic assignments. Thus, when you attempt to order term paper on-line assistance from us, you're not just obtaining an outcome, but in addition personal tranquility. It is possible to receive a lot of our services for an affordable price. Anyway, you'll certainly like our price policy. To allow you to truly feel comfortable, we offer a refund guarantee. Most research papers seek to produce a student step beyond the existent bounds of solid wisdom and further scholastic discussion on a topic. Students should always verify info in a term paper at no cost just to make certain that the info is accurate. They should always be aware that essays and term papers have their own unique formats and types of content. Many students utilize totally free research papers when they should learn about the format for a reference undertaking. The organization has group of editors whose responsibility is to look at the inexpensive research paper if they've been written according to the clien ts requirements before submission. Free term paper writing never provides quality support, there aren't any guarantees, and there's no writer available for you to receive assistance from. Custom writing means a severe company with high standards. Safety and anonymity When you purchase an essay from us, you don't need to be concerned about your privacy. The Downside Risk of Custom Term Paper Assistance You will get a premium quality well-written and well-researched custom made term paperwithout the hassle. As soon as you start looking for a business that provides custom papers, the procedure can last forever. The high quality custom of our term papers on the internet is never inexpensive, nonetheless. In other instances, an absolutely free term paper on the internet is provided as an instance of a professional writing service's work so as to encourage seekers of term papers to employ the firm's services. Seeking term paper assistance may at times be the sole way out. Purcha se term paper from m and create your academic life simpler and convenient. For students to discover the resources that are ideal for them, they should choose the reason why they need to have a term paper at no cost and what they will use it for. Some students may use a complimentary term paper so as to learn more on the subject of the suitable format. The Little-Known Secrets to Custom Term Paper Assistance Our paper is to get to the purpose of the students and meet their requirements. The bulk of the term papers must be submitted by the close of the semester, and the challenge is that the better part of the students have many courses, which they need to write term papers on. You'll also discover that using our cheap research writing company has a lot more benefits, all which come with each other to make sure that we remain immensely popular with students from throughout the nation. One of the primary explanations for why students are continuously stressed out is they always ge t too many writing assignments.

Traditional Viking Religion Free Essays

string(31) " everyone fighting each other\." Traditional Viking Religion The Vikings’ religious beliefs were constantly changing and evolving. They had many different ways of worshiping, and viewing their gods. It was dependent completely on where you lived, in what era, and what your social class was, though the Vikings weren’t very strict on this. We will write a custom essay sample on Traditional Viking Religion or any similar topic only for you Order Now Most of these beliefs were recorded after Christianity had already taken hold of the Viking culture. But, it seems that under their outer appearance of ‘good little Christians’, they were still telling the stories based on their original beliefs. These stories and myths ended up being documented in three different ways: Poetic Edda, Skaldic poetry, and Prose Edda. Poetic Edda was a compilation of poems written in Iceland just after the mid-thirteenth century. They came from all over Scandinavia, which includes the countries of present-day Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden. Skaldic poetry was written mostly in the ninth century, but is very complex, and therefore difficult for most people to understand. The Icelandic poet, politician, and historian, Snorri Sturluson, wrote Prose Edda in the 1220s. Prose Edda is the most commonly used resource on Viking mythology today, because it was Sturluson’s goal to revive (but also explain) the skaldic art. Along with his poems, he had a key of sorts that made understanding his work possible. (Wolf 148-149) Some Vikings believed that the world was made up of several circles of different worlds; all of them connected in some way. Others believed in the nine worlds that were all connected by the world tree, referred to as Yggdrasil (Roberts). Yggdrasil was at the center of the world, and had nine roots, each root branching out to one of the worlds. At the bottom of everything was Niflheim, the world of the dead. This realm is ruled by the death-goddess, Hel. She named a portion of Niflheim after herself. Unlike its Christian counterpart when it comes to the world of the dead, Niflheim is a land of ice, not fire. There is a root leading into Niflheim, and one leading directly into Hel. Then came the land of the giants, Jotunheim. It is also sometimes called Utgard (Wolf 149); it was mostly known as the land of monsters, and enemies of the gods. After this, came a realm that there isn’t much to known about: Nidavellir, the realm of dwarfs. Next came three realms of almost equal rank. The two elf lands, Svartalfheim, the land of the dark elves, and Alfheim, the domain of the light elves. Alfheim was thought to be at the same level as the middle world, where humans dwelt, known as wither Midgard or The Middle Yard. Then at the top of everything were the two different major realms where gods lived: Asgard, where the Aesier gods and goddesses lived, and Vanaheim, where the Vanier (another tribe of gods and goddesses that were more nature focused than the Asier) lived. In Asgard and Vanaheim each deity lived in his or her own kingdom. It was believed that a flaming rainbow bridge called Bifrost, connected Midgard to the worlds where the gods lived. There were also two other realms that weren’t connected to Yggdrasil. These were Muspell, and Ginnungagap. Muspell was the land of the Fire Giants, and demons, ruled by Surt (Roberts), who plays a vital role in both the beginning and the end of the world. Ginnungagap is the Void of Chaos, where life began. It separates Niflheim and Muspell. In the beginning, before even humans or gods there were three realms: Muspell, Niflheim, and Ginnungagap. In between Muspell and Niflheim two creatures were formed; a gargantuan frost giant, Ymir, and a huge cow, Andumla. Ymir drank some of Andumal’s milk and grew strong. After this development, the first giants sprung out of Ymir’s legs and armpits (Roberts). Then while Andumla was licking the salty ice, it uncovered the first god: Buri. He had a son by a giantess, Bestla. This son, Bor, fathered three sons with the giantess Bestla: Odin, Vili, and Ve (godchecker ink. ). These three got into a fight with Ymir, and managed to kill him; in the way all classic heroes kill monsters. Then, after hauling the frost giant’s body to the middle of Ginningagap, they created the world with him. Using his flesh for land, bones for mountains, and his blood for water. Ymir’s skull formed the vault of the sky. Still-glowing embers from Muspell were used for the sun, moon, and stars. The first tree was Yiggdrasil. It was supposed to support the entire universe. The nine realms were built off it. They then made the first man and woman out of trees, an ash and an elm that they had found washed up on the shore. From the ash and a tree trunk they made Ask, the first man. From the Elm they created the first woman, Embla. At the base of Yiggdrasil lived the three norns. These were the goddesses of destiny. They represent past, present and future, and spin everyone’s destiny. Urd works with past, Verdandi deals with the present, and Skuld decides the future. It was also their job to take care of Yiggdrasil. They watered the land as well as repaired any damage done to the tree. They were very different from the rest of the gods. They didn’t go around having love lives, and getting mixed up in feuds of all sorts of trouble. There is one thing that the norns cannot save Yiggdrasil from. At the end of the world, Ragnarok, the world tree itself will be destroyed. The Viking story of the end of the world is the end of the entire universe. Everyone except a few select gods and two humans perish. Before the great battle between the gods and the evil creatures, a dark age comes upon the earth. For three years it is a dark winter. In this time the world of men will be consumed in war with everyone fighting each other. You read "Traditional Viking Religion" in category "Papers" Family ties are broken, and become friendships forgotten. These relationships are vastly important to Vikings. To have them be destroyed would seem very wrong to any Viking. To top it all off the sun, moon, and stars disappear, leaving the world in darkness. The land is shaken with terrible earthquakes, causing trees to uproot, and mountains to topple. These earthquakes also free the wolf, Fenrir, and his father, the trickster god Loki from their bonds. Fenrir was imprisoned when he grew too big, strong, and wild to be kept as a pet in Asgard. A magical ribbon was the only thing capable of restraining him. But before this, he bit off the hand of his trainer, Tyr. Loki was imprisoned when he was accused correctly of causing the death of Odin’s favorite son, Baldur. The earthquakes also anger the great Midgard Serpent deep in the ocean. The serpent will come on land, and spew its terribly poisonous venom everywhere. Along with these creatures, all of the other enemies of the gods, such as the giants and the demons of Muspell (led by Surt), will come together and attack the worlds of humans, and cross Bifrost to attack the gods. All of the gods will fight to defend their realm, and that of the humans. However, even with all of their strength, they will fail. Fenrir kills Odin. But Vidar, one of Odin’s many sons, avenges Odin’s death. Thor is poisoned by the Midgard Serpent’s venom after killing it. Surt kills Freyr, because Freyr doesn’t have his sword. After killing Freyr, Surt catches the earth aflame, and burns it all up. Then what is left of the earth will sink beneath the sea. But that is not the end. Not of everything. Yiggdrasil still exists. In it’s branches, two humans, Lif and Lifthrasir (godchecker ink. ), were protected. Also Vidar, leading several other gods have survived. As well as these Baldr and Hod come back from the dead to help recreate earth, and rule the gods. The three most commonly worshiped gods were Frey(r), Odin, and Thor. In several instances statues of the three of them were found together, usually with Thor in the center, and Frey and Odin at his sides. These three covered most of the needs of the Viking people, which include the needs of farmers, sailors, warriors, poets, and noblemen. It isn’t a surprise why these three were the main gods. As well as Frey, Thor, and Odin there were many other gods. In Norse mythology there are dozens of different gods, each playing a different role. Odin, for a while, was the head god. He is the god of war, revenge, wisdom, poetry, and magic. His belongings are Gungir, a spear that always hits its mark, and Draupnir, a magical gold ring that can duplicate itself. Dwarves made these items, as well as most of the god’s enchanted tools. He also had five animal allies: two ravens, Huginn (thought) and Munninn (memory), two wolves, Freki and Geri, as well as his eight-legged horse, Loki’s son, Sleipnir. He was a bit knowledge-hungry instead of the usual: power-hungry. Once upon a time, Odin gave one of his eyes to the Well of Mimir for the right to drink from the well. The Well bestowed great knowledge to him. This Well of Mimir lies at the base of Yiggdrasil. Another time he was said to have hung himself on Yiggdrasil for the right to know all about the runes, so he could teach man, and his gods to be literate and even more powerful. Nobles, warriors, poets and magic-users (magicians, seers, mystics†¦) commonly worshiped Odin. They all gave sacrifices to him. He was worshiped by the nobles because he himself was pretty much god royalty. Odin was also very interested in politics, and these worshippers hoped that he could help them in their thinking. The poets worshiped Odin, because he had drunk some of the poetry mead (alcoholic beverage). This made Odin very talented with his words. So they worshiped him to gain his knowledge of language. He was also a good muse, for those poets lacking inspiration. But if Odin were used as a muse, then of course Odin would be pleased, and help them with their skills. So worshipping Odin was helpful for many poets. Odin was very practiced in the art of magic. So it was thought to be beneficial for any user of magic to ask for his favor. Odin however, wasn’t the only god versed in magical arts. Any other gods who knew much about magic could be called upon. Odin was not the only option. Warriors gave sacrifices to Odin before battles, praying for victory. To gain his favor one would usually give sacrifices of either animals or humans (Roberts). But sometimes this wasn’t good enough. Odin usually got his warrior worshippers killed during battle. Many of these warriors were the dreaded berserkers, who either took a drug-like-substance or riled themselves up so that they fought like fierce animals. As you can see, he clearly had a very violent, brutal, and insane side. The beautiful Valkyries, Odin’s shield maidens, took these dead men away. The dead men were brought to Valhalla, Odin’s hall. There, the warriors fought battles with each other all day, then ate and caroused all night. Then they did it all over again. Any wounds suffered were miraculously healed at the end of each battle. Odin is officially married to Frigg, but, like many other pagan gods, has many affairs with many other women. He had many children with goddesses and giantesses of all sorts. His most well known children are: Baldr, Thor, Heimdal, Ty, Hod, Vidar, and Valdi. The god who was worshiped the most overall was Thor. This was because he was so easy to relate to, since his talents were those that most people wanted supporting them. He was a fabulous warrior, but he was also the god of farming and storm (and therefore was the weather) god. So he was worshiped by all of the common people: farmers and seamen. Because Thor became really popular in the ninth and tenth centuries, he was the chief rival of Christ, when the Christians were trying to convert all of the Vikings. This was one of the reasons it took so long to convert all of the Vikings. Thor also had some special items that helped him out in battle. His hammer, Mjolnir, iron belt and gauntlet gloves. The hammer never missed its target, and always returns to Thor after it has been thrown, like a boomerang. The iron belt gives Thor the strength needed to throw the heavy hammer; and the gloves give him the strength in his wrists to catch the hammer when it returns to him. Thor was very prepared for physical combat. Hammer amulets (representing Thor) were widely popular throughout Scandinavia. Scads of them have been found in archeological digs. This proves how beloved by the Vikings he was. Also, in later years of the Viking period, during Thor’s â€Å"prime†, he was at the center of monuments, bearing images of him, Odin, as well as Frey. One of the best things about Thor, at least in the minds of the Viking people, is that there were never human sacrifices given to him. At least there were never any records hinting at it. He was a kind god, and protected his people in all of the myths about him. Sacrifices of animals and valuable objects (weapons, jewelry, especially fancy tools) were given to him in times of danger from famine or plague. This proves the people’s trust in his kindheartedness. The third most popular god was Frey. He was the god of fertility. Actually the only know male god of fertility. Sacrifices were made to him at weddings to promote the fertility of the couple. Being a god of fertility also made him the â€Å"ecology god†, which made him god of meadows, farming, fisheries, and food in general. Since his father is Niord, the sea god, Frey has some power over the sea as well. Because of this position, he became the god of ship builders too. His magically special object is a ship. It can shrink and be folded up so that he can carry it around in his pocket. But still be large enough, when unfolded, to carry all of the gods. Frey is associated with ship funerals. Wealthier worshippers of Frey would be buried on land in ships filled with typical loot, which was a type of tcommon Viking burial. He was forced to give away his sword in the long arduous process of wooing his beautiful giantess wife, Gerd. So, worshippers of Frey don’t carry swords to honor and respect him. As well as not tolerating swords, outlaws of any kind are not permitted in his presence. Frey had a twin sister: Freya, who was the most widely celebrated of all the pagan goddesses. She is at the center of many myths. She was, like her brother, a goddess of fertility. She was also a goddess of magic known as Sied (Wolf, 151), love, and the leader of the Valkyries. She was married to Od (who might have been a version of Odin), but he left her for another. She was sad, as she had truly loved him, but was strong enough to move on easily. She had rather loose morals, and â€Å"slept around† quite a bit. Using her sexual prowess she was able to get the necklace of sensuality from the four dwarves who had made it. As well as being the head of the Valkyries, she was the head of the Thedisir, a group of goddesses who are attached to a particular place, or type of object. This made her closely connected with guardian spirits otherwise known as fylgjur. These spirits protect certain special places, such as places of natural beauty, and the homes of their worshippers. Bragi is the god who recites poetry. He is the god of all bards and storytellers. He loves to learn, and promotes others to do likewise. His wife, Idun grows the fruit of immortality: golden apples. The laboring god, Weyland is a blacksmith. He is the God of experience, and a master craftsman. He was created because the people of Iceland wanted a god that wasn’t warlike, and who was actually a useful person. (Meadows) Weyland was that god. The god of justice and law was Tyr. He was a loyal man, and fought for his leader, usually Odin. He looses a hand to Fenrir because he trusts him. This shows his ability to blindly trust, and think the best of people. That was his best trait. Though when he did learn something foul about someone, they’d better beware because one-handed or not, he is a valiant warrior. Heimdall was the guardian of the rainbow bridge, Bifrost. He had a special horn to sound, warning the other gods, when he saw Surt’s great army approaching, announcing that the great battle of Ragnarok was to commence. He is the son of Odin and the nine wave sisters. Odin’s official wife, Frigg was the mother of all, protector of children, and associated with child bearing and the home. She has a sacred â€Å"Distaff of life† that she uses to spin for the â€Å"Fabric of the Universe†. She has the power to see into the future, and is the best of all the gods in this area. Loki is the trickster god. He was both a friend and an enemy to the gods. He is always stirring up trouble. He is the parent of many of the great monsters. As an outcome of his affair with Angrbodi (a beautiful giantess) he fathered the death goddess, Hel, the monsterous wolf, Fenrir, and the midgard serpent. His only legitimate offspring was Narfi, his son. Narfi doesn’t play a very large role. When he transformed into a mare, as part of a plan to save Freya, he begot Odin’s mount, Sleipnir One time Loki got into too much trouble. When he tricked the blind Hod into killing his beautiful brother Baldyr (sons of Odin), it was decided that he had gone too far. Because of his numerous crimes, he was tied up with Narfi’s guts, and imprisoned in a cave with only his wife to ease his suffering, until Ragnarok, when he rides with Surt to destroy the gods. As the Daughter of Loki, Hel had a lot to live up to. In anticipation of her evil tendencies, Odin sent her to Niflheim, and made her the goddess of the underworld, and the dead. She doesn’t like it down there very much, and resents Odin for this. To get back at him she also joins her father and Surt for Ragnarok. Surt was â€Å"The Destroyer†. He is the leader of the fire demons, and is a key player in the final battle of Ragnarok. He miraculously survives Ragnarok, so that he can do it all over next time round. No one was said to worship him. He was the closest thing to Christianity’s Lucifer. The Vikings had to have places to worship, or not worship in some cases like Surt. Most of the Vikings worshiped outside. In holy groves and meadows that had rocks, small hills, and swamps where they placed their offerings. These places were sometimes specific for gods, but most of the time the places were just general places of worship. As well as these outdoor places of worship there were also in-town places such as holy rocks, wells and other objects. In different places, at certain times worshippers had festivals to celebrate the gods. One such festival was held every nine years. Nine men, as well as nine each of different sorts of animals (all male) were sacrificed. Their blood was presented to an idol, and their bodies were strung up in a nearby sacred grove. Sacrifices that were given to the gods were mostly animals such as dogs, horses, and farm animals. They were thrown into rivers, tossed off cliffs, and hung on trees in sacred groves for their blood to drain out into the holy ground. Human sacrifices were made sometimes. It was not an every-day occasion. Only for special occasions such as a festival, when a god’s help was especially needed, or when there was another important event, such as the death of an important man. There were often temples for the gods in Viking villages. The local chieftain or leader maintained each temple. The heads of the other main households always aided them. A classic example of a Viking funeral is this: the body is cleaned, dressed with normal clothing, and buried in the ground with items the person might need in the afterlife. Such as food, drink, weapons, tools, and other such things. There would often be dead animals such as horses, dogs, chickens, and sometimes their wife/servant/slave. Often times the dead would be set in an underground room in a bed with all of their belongings around them. Some Vikings believed that the spirit lived on as a ghost. Either in the underground tomb their body was left in, in a special haunted hill with the rest of the family, or close to their family as a protector. The alternate funeral would be to burn the body. This was especially common for Odin’s worshippers, and people in general who died in battle, so that they would be sent straight up to Valhalla, and to that fabulous hall of fallen warriors. The Vikings weren’t all that different from any other polytheistic religion of the time. Most of their gods represented desirable human qualities; just like the Greek/Roman gods. They had a creation story, and a destruction story (apocalypse). They bury and burn their dead; just like we do today. The Vikings also believed in a sort of heaven, and in ghosts. Their religion isn’t all that different from any other. They aren’t barbaric pagans; they weren’t the only culture to sacrifice humans and animals to their gods. They Viking religion is similar to other religions, but at the same time it has it’s own mythology and myths that are very unique. The Norse religion is just a religion, with its special characteristics that have transferred from the Viking way of life over into their religion. They needed strong, warlike gods because during the age of Vikings there was a lot of fighting going on. The Vikings made their gods able to defend them form the other evils in the world; ones that the Vikings couldn’t take care of without help. Like any other people would have if they lived in the same conditions. The Christian God of the day would smite badly behaved people, and sent them to hell. The Crusades, that the whole of Christian Europe was involved in, was all about fighting. Norse mythology and religion had their Gods constantly fighting he giants and monsters; it was a way the Vikings expressed their part in all of the violence. Bibliography: Godchecker Ink. â€Å"Viking Gods of Norse Mythology. † www. godchecker. com, January 31, 2010 lt; http://www. godchecker. com/pantheon/norse-mythology. php gt;. This resource was mostly helpful. It was a good reference point. Its facts were all very straightforward, and it had information about almost all of the places and people mentioned in Norse mythology. The one problem with the site is that it was written in a very modern style. With innuendoes, and annoying, uneducated slang and inferior language. I used it only to reference my other sources. Jovinelly, Joan, and Netelkos, Jason. The crafts and culture of the Vikings. New York, Ny: The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc, 2002. Most of this book was craft projects for children. But in the page or two of information about Viking religion, I was told about the most important aspects of Viking religion. Which was very important for the organization of my paper. It also had all of the things that I knew that had to be in my paper. I don’t want to be less informative than a children’s book. Meadows, Edmund. â€Å"The Pre Ragnarok Viking Gods. www. viking-z. org, January 31, 2010 lt; http://www. viking-z. org/vikg. html gt;. This source was a bit overwhelming. It had a lot of information that I used, but a lot of things mixed in that either was a bit too deep, or that were about actually practicing the Viking religion. So I was forced to look through it all, and pick out the things that were relevant to my paper. But on the bright side, the information I found was very good, and it helped me a great deal with my research. Roberts, Judson. â€Å"Myth and Religion. † www. strongbowsaga. com, date accessed lt;http://www. strongbowsaga. com/introduction. aspgt;. This essay I found on the strongbow saga website was very useful. It had important information on all of the topics I planned to cover in the course of my paper. There was a detailed account on all of the main gods and supernatural beings. As well as information on the worship practices of the Vikings. There was also, included in the manuscript, the best description I could find on the creation of the earth story. With a decent telling of the end of the world. Simpson, Jacqueline. Everyday Life In The Viking Age. London, England: Jarrold and Sons Ltd, 1967. This resource was very similar to Daily Life of the Vikings. It had a lot of the same information. The main difference was that it was older and contained pictures relating to the gods, or rites described in the passage. But it, as was the former, was very useful, and had a lot of information. Including a shocking account of a Viking funeral. That was one of the best things about these two books. They had passages from the journals of people who had witnessed Viking religious rites. It was good to get first hand accounts. Wolf, Kirsten. Daily Life of The Vikings. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2004. This book was exceedingly helpful. It gave me a lot of invaluable information on subjects the other sources hardly touched on. Such as the sources for all of the knowledge we have of Viking religion today. It also tells about each of the important gods, and Viking practices involving worship, funerals, and the dead. It turns out that the Vikings were very superstitious of their dead people. It was very entertaining to read about. Unknown. â€Å"Meet the Gods and Goddesses of the Norse Pantheon. www. wizardrealm. com, Janurary 31, 2010 lt; http://www. wizardrealm. com/norse/gods. html gt;. This went into a lot of detail about each and every one of the known Norse gods. It was very useful in the portion of my report where I was talking about all of the important Viking gods. But sadly, it wasn’t very special, and didn’t tell me anything that I couldn’t have gotten from another of my resources. The best thing I can say about it is that is condensed the information about each god nicely. But there always has to be one (or two) of those. How to cite Traditional Viking Religion, Papers

The Red Badge Of Courage Essays (486 words) - Emotions,

The Red Badge Of Courage The Red Badge of Courage Literary Critique The Red Badge of Courage begins with the Youth (Henry) preparing to leave to war. He has fabulous ideas concocted in his mind about victory and heroism. The Youth soon finds that victory and heroism are a small part in the splendor of war. The Youth's mind soon becomes burdened with thoughts of death and running away from battle. Sure enough, in the midst of battle, the Youth flees the battlefield. The Youth must learn to deal with the shame he feels on deserting his comrades. When he returns to his camp he lies and says that he was separated during combat and was shot. The Youth is given another chance to fight and prove he is not a coward. As the book progresses, the Youth learns to deal with his shame by feeling honored for being a hero.In the end, the Youth becomes a man. He learns that the most important lessons in life can be seen by opening his eyes. I personally was attracted to the Youth. All his thoughts and wild imagination impressed me. He would describe death as a being that could swallow him whole, and ramble on about wonderful sunsets. The Youth was also a very troubled soul. He worried a lot over things he might do and not the things he would do. For instance, on page 34, he questions others in hope that their answers would comfort him. He feels disassociated from others, The Youth, considering himself separated from the others... (p29). Page 35 quotes, He was a mental outcast. He lacked self -confidence and continually tried to measure himself by his comrades. (p22). Despite his sorrow, the Youth was creative and compared ideas and objects to other ideas and objects. The battle was like the grinding of an immense and terrible machine. I believe that the Youth brought the book to life through his life. At times I would find myself thinking, I've thought that too! For example on page 127, the Youth announces that his life should be lived to his expectations and not everyone else's. I strongly agree with him on that idea. When the Youth was involved in hard situations, I pondered on what I would do and what decisions I would make. To illustrate, on page 80, when the youth ran, I decided I would have stayed and fought for my dignity if nothing else. At the end of the book, Henry learns how important life truly is and why. He learned that war deals with death shame, and sorrow, not just victory and freedom. On page 266, Henry becomes a man. He had been to touch the great death, and found, after all, it was but the great death. Henry looked death in the eyes and fulfilled his dream of becoming a hero. He had earned the Red Badge of Courage. Book Reports

Three different stages on A Sense of Shame

Three different stages on A Sense of Shame Within this story there are three clearly marked stages. These are not only characterised by changes of attitude and of personality in the main characters, but are also characterised by the emersion of certain themes which are central to the story.To start with, on the initial stage, the first meeting of Lorraine and Mohammed occurs. They instantly fall in love with each other and enter into a state of such passion and physical attraction that the relationship is almost unconscious of itself. Nevertheless, as time passes it is not a bliss for them any more: they have the need to keep it secret for it was not well seen by their families and society to be with each other as she was a white Catholic girl and he was a darker Pakistan boy, so they have to travel to forlorn places or the outskirts of the city in order to be together, which is illustrated in the statement "sometimes they had a drink in a little lonely pub they'd found" and arises the themes of discrimination and silent domi nation of society and society's values, as this issue was never discussed by them, but just established; it was something that both knew each other felt and made them feel doubtful and fearful.Official logo of LorraineA good example of extreme discrimination and violence in the first stage, which also justifies their fright, is the moment in which Mohammed's brothers find out that he is dating Lorraine and punch them.On the second stage, this relationship, which had been living on undercover, gradually starts to be discovered. The first one to find out is Lorraine's friend, Jackie. Lorraine had been lying to her and finally Jackie suspects that she has a boy and asks her about it. Lorraine can't lie to her any...

NOT SO SCARY ONCE YOU DO IT

NOT SO SCARY ONCE YOU DO IT This week several readers have given me pause, making me remember from whence I came and that Ive learned. We read the blogs and newsletters from people who seem to be way over our heads in power, ability and talent, and too often we discount our own abilities. In mentioning the recent rash of face-to-face interviews Ive done lately (Skype and in-person), someone commented about how scary that was. As Im writing this, Im nervous about a 20-minute talk Im giving this evening to a MENSA chapter in Columbia, SC. These folks are often accomplished with pretty decent levels of intellect. Here I am, coming off 15 appearances, yet Im a bit ill-at-ease about this one. Instead of being too afraid to accept, however, I had to make fun and remind myself, as Will Smith said in the movie Men in Black, First off, you chose me, so you recognize the skills In another situation, where I taught about entering contests and recognizing the scams, half the readers seemed afraid if not angry about contests, believing they were all scams. One guy was sure that if a contest charged a fee, they were opportunists at our expense. I reminded him that all publishers were in the business to make a buck, and all of them charged: some in advance, some after sales.In traditional or self-publishing circles, the publishers arent all that charitable, doing what they do for the sake of God or humanity. Plus contests are such opportunities. And on Facebook, someone fussed about editors and how they are evil minions intent on changing our stories to their own. He was concerned that editors would overstep their bounds and rewrite the content, not just make corrections. I reminded him that writers pick and choose whats edited. Even with traditional publishers that want manuscripts changed before agreeing to publish, you can negotiate. I did. The underlying theme in all of these concerns and complaints is that of fear. Fear someone will make fun. Fear someone will steal our work or our money. Fear someone will take advantage of our deep-seeded, emotional urge to publish. Were pouring our souls into print, and the last thing we need in the midst of our trepidation is someone who also robs us of money,rights or self-esteem. Do . . . it . . . once. Do an interview in person. Speak to a small group. Enter a contest. Let an editor lay hands on your work. Whats the worst that can happen? The interview goes badly? The host wants a good interview more than you do, trust me. The speech goes awry? You learn from it. The audience got no satisfaction from your trip-up. They were up their with you. So you lose the contest. So the editor doesnt like your writing. You decide if you walk away unscathed. Not them.

Business Finance assignment Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Business Finance assignment - Research Paper Example The investor in question believed that smaller firms are less risky compared to larger firms. It is always important to diversify portfolios in order to spread the idea of the risks. Comparing with the 2011 beta or 1.08, the above beta of 1.06 seems to provide a good measure of how the stock movers relative to the broader Australian market index. The function of beta is to measure the risk of stock in relation to the overall market. From the above calculations, it is evident that the selected portfolios are less risky and have diversified the possible risks. On this basis, it is therefore true to say that the investor is likely to have very little loss and fear of risks associated with portfolios. The beta calculated from the investment portfolios is a clear indication of how the portfolio has diversified risks as well as low risk compared to the Australian Market index in 2011. The financial investment was very successful providing additional profit or income of approximately $7,110. In addition to the income received from the portfolio, there is no doubt that the risks associated with the same are too low. For instance, the beta obtained for the overall portfolio clearly indicates that the selected investment portfolios have widespread risks besides being lower than the 2011 Australian Market index beta. When portfolios have spread risks as well as low risks then it is advisable to engage in the investment. The above case scenario is a good example of investment portfolio, which was not only of viable income in terms of increased revenue or income but also given the fact that there were low risks involved, which in any case were widely spread across different firms from different industries and sizes. Indeed, the investment portfolio was a successful

Interpretation of Statutes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Interpretation of Statutes - Essay Example Judges have a mandate of resolving of making such statutes clear if not well interpreted. An example of unclear language emerged in the case of Myers v Twining in the year 1982. The judges were to make a decision on the association between a vehicle and roller skates. Many cases have been presented in courts with change of meaning of words over time. Some bills are rushed in parliament in time of emergency, hence the need for interpretation as a result of many errors that takes place during the act. The dilemma with statutory interpretation is that the court has to decide the meaning of a certain legislation passed by the parliament. The court makes judgement on the parliament’s intention when passing the law and its relevance in the present time2. On some cases however, the judges have often misinterpreted the legislation of the act. Other issues which may arise during the interpretation of the statutes must abide by the European laws or the human right acts. Misinterpretation of the parliamentary acts and legislation may contradict higher laws or lead to creation of new legislation that was not the intention of the parliament during the passing of such a bill or act. Judges deal with interpretation of statutes in a variety of ways. One w ay in which judges interpret statutes is by presumption. The judge is such a context begins the interpretation process by assumption of certain issues. The assumption may be considered to be true unless a better argument is raised with an intention to challenge it. Some of presumptions entail the inability to change the law and that the statutes do not influence the acts created in the past. Presumption of language is another challenge encountered during the interpretation of certain statutes. Utilization of words such as workman, tradesman or other person presents a lot of confusion during the interpretation process. Some words derive meaning from the surrounding environment3. The judges

Deinstitutionalization Of Mental Hospitals In 1970 Criminology Essay

Deinstitutionalization Of Mental Hospitals In 1970 Criminology Essay Introduction Deinstitutionalization of mental hospitals came into play in 1970 in the United States; the program aimed at treating mentally retarded patients within the community itself rather than maintaining and treating them at mental hospitals. During these days, state mental hospitals were regarded as institutions that deprived the mentally ill patients their freedom to associate with family and community members within the society. For instance, the United States Congress approved the Community Mental Health Centers Act that facilitated deinstitutionalization, thus getting out the mentally ill persons from confinements of the custodial institutions into deliberate medication at the community mental health institutions. Despite the perceived good of deinstitutionalization by the policy makers in the United States and the world over, the move has brought about more sophisticated problems. In essence the whole program has failed to achieve its objectives and has led to mentally ill individual suffering in the boulevards and dungeons, as well as in the shelter homes, and beggars homes, (Sheth 12). To be true enough, the policy of deinstitutionalization has failed completely. New Freedom Commission on Mental Health analyzed the American public mental health and confirmed that it is in a terrible state. This paper is aimed at discussing the impacts of deinstitutionalization for the last 35 years on criminal justice, advantages and disadvantages of deinstitutionalization and how mental health issues should be addressed in correctional systems. Discussion As at the present, it is estimated that more than 4.5 million Americans are suffering from severe mental illnesses. The total number of persons that do not receive medication out of the 4.5 millions is approximately 40%. This has increased homelessness, violence, and incarceration. Since the onset of deinstitutionalization policy, almost one third of homeless persons in the US suffer from severe mental retardation. In addition in Oklahoma, researchers have established that there is a correlation existing between the increasing number of suicidal and the decreasing state of mental health centers. Ted Strickland, a US congressman testified that, thousands of mentally ill persons are being taken out of hospitals and dumped in communities where there are no adequate mental health services that cannot receive and take care of them. The idea of deinstitutionalization has culminated into trans-institutionalization, whereby large numbers of mentally ill individuals find themselves in prisons, jails, and homeless shelters, (Sheth 15). For instance, the recent studies have shown that more than 40% of Beggars Home inmates are mentally ill. The policy of deinstitutionalization is a recipe of the evil that is done to the mentally ill persons in the US. The defenseless and helpless mentally ill people roam and beg on streets, roadside, footpaths, and are also seen starving in streets, eating from garbage bins and take refuge in shelter homes. In addition the society jeers at them, verbally, physically and sexually abuse them. Policy makers who came up with this particular policy, wanted to clean and beautiful mental hospitals without taking into consideration that the streets and other social places will be messed up. Recent studies have established that there are more mentally sick people in prisons and jails compared to those ones that are hospitalized. Around 9,000 people released from New York jails and prisons on annual basis have psychiatric disabilities without housing or support services. It has also been found out that 40 to 50% of community mental health system clients have a history of criminal arrest. Furthermore there is a direct link between closure of mental hospitals and mushrooming of new prisons and jails. With regard to the US department of Justice, when 40 mental hospitals were closed in the past ten years, 400 new prisons were opened up. The law enforcement department is now tasked with confronting and solving the communitys problems resulting from deinstitutionalization. For instance, studies show that, more than 70% of mentally ill individual should be sent to jail for their own safety and well-being. Recent research depict that rates of arrest of mentally ill persons is higher compared to that of normal people, (Sheth 17). This is because; such individuals are arrested on charges like disturbing peace and criminal trespass. In the first place, incarceration was thought to be the best remedy with regard to vast problems faced on the streets; the reality is that arresting a chronically mentally ill person and taking him or her into custody and forcefully imposing criminal justice, denies justice to all concerned. Of all the mentally ill persons arrested only 12% are arrested for charges that significantly warrant for incarceration. Moreover, 54% of mentally ill arrestees are always found to be incompetent and hence can not stand trials. Arresting mentally ill persons in essence does not solve the problem or enforce criminal justice but rather intensifies management and financial problems for detention facilities. These kinds of arrests only fill criminal court calendar rather than solving the problem. The moment of arresting mentally ill individuals, the criminal justice enforcement funds are shifted to mental health area to cater for the arrestee, with law and justice enforcement agencies instead of state hospitals playing their fundamental duty of housing and treating the mentally ill. In fact at the detention levels surveys have found out that between 50% and 60% of the inmate population are mentally ill with successful suicide rate 75% higher that of the general population. Advantages of Deinstitutionalization Treatment of outpatient clinics is less expensive and effective as compared to treatment in highly sophisticated mental hospitals that require boarding fees in addition to medical fees. Consequently, the patients will have freedom of community based treatment as compared to in-patient hospitals. Disadvantages of deinstitutionalization Deinstitutionalization has broadly contributed to homelessness, as people released from in-patient facilities have no place to go. Furthermore, it has also led to a revolving door situation, where chronically mentally ill persons are periodically hospitalized, released and eventually hospitalized. How mental health issues should be addressed in correctional systems With regard to criminal justice to mentally ill individuals, a proactive and conscious approach is a basic requirement and several elements are significant in implementing such an approach. Studies have shown and suggested that law enforcement officers have higher chances of arresting a mentally ill person than it is to a normal person. In relation to this, officers in criminal justice department should undergo or receive extensive training with regard to handling cases of such kind. The training should not only advocate for identifying mental illness symptoms but also provide communication skills and knowledge that the officer can use to communicate with and handle the psychiatric patient. The training should also be designed in a manner that does not compromise the humane treatment or concern for the officers safety. Criminal justice department especially the law enforcement agencies should collaborate and negotiate with medical institutions to come up with policies and mental illness cases procedures, implementing no-decline agreements that would importantly increase the choices of the criminal justice system. For better service delivery by law enforcement officers, the psychiatric com munity should wholly be involved by putting aside their mutual stereotypes and antagonism. It is also necessary for the law enforcement officer to have adequate information on statutory guidelines in relation to law enforcement that initiates involuntary psychiatric commitment. They should also understand that mental illness symptoms should not be taken or considered criminal behavior to aid the arresting if the same behavior will be relied upon for civil petition for automatic hospitalization. The expertise in this section requires the law enforcement officer to undergo training that will eventually equip him with the appropriate procedures that meet the statutory designed standards. The law enforcement bodies can also commence innovative pre arrest diversion systems. For instance, the law enforcing officer in the field, who comes in contact with psychiatric offender, should have more options, instead of making the arrest he can leave the crime scene other than providing the solution to the basic issues. The pre-arrest diversion program, which consists of mobile crisis unit involving mental health practitioners in corporation with law enforcement officers, would give the officer freedom of not making custody related decisions till new options with regard to the situation are reviewed, (Sheth 18). For this matter the non-violent offenders shall be handed over to crisis teams thus allowing officer to attend to other criminal related issues. Conclusion In the last two to three decades there has been a rapid rise in numbers of the mentally ill persons released into the society. Deinstitutionalization has integrated itself into trans-institutionalization whereby a massive number of psychiatric patients have been transferred of shifted from state owned hospitals to streets, beggars homes, prisons and jails. The civil libertarians have eventually changed into criminal justice system. Most, law enforcement officers consider mental illness symptoms to be elements of crime. For this situation to change, law enforcement agencies should shun from being inundated by such social problems, in addition a proactive response linking the societys resources to the real and actual area of need is essential. Work Cited Sheth, Hitesh. Deinstitutionalization or Disowning Responsibility. International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation. 13.2 (2009): 11-20.

The Effects of Music on Laboring Moms

Coping with labor pain when you are a first time mom is usually an experience filled with great anxiety. The first stage of labor is called the latent phase, in which she may be excited and anxious for labor to be well established [ (Marcia L. London, 2011) ]. The laboring mom may be unable to cope with contractions because of fear, anxiety, or lack of information [ (Marcia L. London, 2011) ].The nurse’s response should be to be supportive and provide encouragement and to establish a trusting relationship [ (Marcia L. London, 2011) ]. The challenge for the labor nurse is to reduce the pain and anxiety and to help make the labor and delivery a positive experience. The application of music therapy may be an appropriate tool for reducing anxiety and pain [ (Marcia L. London, 2011) ]. Music therapy has become popular in medicine in the last two decades.Studies show that the impulses from the auditory stimulus override the pain signals carried by the smaller nerve fibers, and music perceived by the right brain may stimulate the pituitary gland to release endorphins for decreasing pain [ (Yu-Hsiang Liu, 2010) ]. Music may also alter pain perception by improving mood, increasing relaxation, and reducing anxiety. Music also increases control and distraction to pain perception. The purpose of the study I read was to undertake an evaluation of music therapy on labor pain and anxiety in Taiwanese primiparas.It was hypothesized that primipara women receiving music therapy would perceive less pain and anxiety and have higher fingertip temperatures, an indication of less pain, during labor than those participants who had not received music therapy but received standard routine care [ (Yu-Hsiang Liu, 2010) ]. This controlled study provided evidence that music therapy for women during the latent phase of labor provided psychological and physiological benefits from pain [ (Yu-Hsiang Liu, 2010) ].The participants in the study were primipara women giving birth with the fol lowing criteria; they had a normal pregnancy, their pregnancy had gone to term, they planned to undergo a vaginal delivery, they had a single, normal fetus to deliver, they did not intend to use pharmacological analgesics during labor, and they consented to the participate in the study [ (Yu-Hsiang Liu, 2010) ]. In this study pain and anxiety were the main outcome measurements. Ultimately 60 participants were included in the analysis, 30 women were entered in the experimental group and 30 women were entered into the control group.Participants were instructed to choose types of relaxing, anxiety-reducing music. In addition to receiving standard nursing care, the experimental participants listened to music for at least 30 minutes during the latent phase and active phase of labor. Measures for pain and anxiety scales were given before and after 30 minutes of music listening during the latent and active phases of labor. Participants in the control group were not aware that they had the opportunity to listen to music, but they received the standard routine care after admission.Both groups completed the same pretest and posttest measures at the same phases of labor as the music group. Twenty-four hours after childbirth, women in the experimental group were asked to complete an open-ended questionnaire to indicate their perceptions of the effectiveness of music therapy on pain and anxiety and a five-point scale to evaluate the helpfulness of music. All the outcome measures for latent and active phases were analyzed separately because of the different level of pain.The results indicated that women in the music-listening group had lower pain and anxiety and higher fingertip temperatures than their peers in the control group during the latent phase, but the outcome measures were not significant during the active phase. Music seems to have multiple functions in pain reduction, including focusing, distracting, and stimulating pleasure responses. The study provides evidenc e that preselected music that is slow, relaxing and calming in nature, with little variation in tempo or volume is helpful for laboring women in the early latent phase [ (Yu-Hsiang Liu, 2010) ].In the active phase of labor the slow music was not effective. This is when contractions are more intense and more painful and it is possible that the auditory cue did not synchronize with the women’s rhythmic short, rapid breathing [ (Yu-Hsiang Liu, 2010) ]. It could be that music with a more rapid tempo would be more helpful. Pain and anxiety can influence heart rate, respiratory rate, blood pressure, peripheral blood flow and fingertip temperature (FT). Elevation of FT is a significant indicator of physical relaxation through the sympathetic response [ (Yu-Hsiang Liu, 2010) ].This study shows that music can promote relaxation and decrease muscle tension which can increase peripheral blood flow as well as skin temperature as evidenced by the increased FT [ (Yu-Hsiang Liu, 2010) ]. In conclusion, this controlled study provides evidence that music therapy for women during the latent phase of labor provides quantifiable psychological benefits. The findings of this study may provide an evidence-based music therapy protocol for women in labor.Clinical health care professionals such as nurses could consider providing music as part of their routine when working with women who face the first-time childbirth process. Nurses could apply music therapy in reducing the pain and anxiety for women who are at the early phase of labor. Music does not have harmful side-effects and is easy to administer, so if it is yet another way to ease the pain and anxiety of a laboring patient and could help make the childbirth experience a positive one, the nurse should consider offering the therapy to her patients.

Analysis of Cyber Law Case about Employee Surveillance Free Essay Example, 2750 words

As employee abuse of e-mail and Internet privileges can have severe consequences - in addition to lost productivity, such abuses also open the employer up to security breaches, viruses, not to mention that employees commit crimes more than the third parties5 - there is a definite need for employers to subject their employees to surveillance. Then there is the issue of cyberslacking, which is just like it sounds employees abusing their privilege and taking away valuable company time with their personal online activities, which leads to loss of productivity and theft of company resources. However, employees have rights as well, and there are a number of different UK cases and statutes that are implicated in employee surveillance. One such is the Human Rights Act 1998, which states in Article 8 that everyone has a right to respect for his private correspondence. 7 Courts have interpreted this particular Act in a variety of ways that would be pertinent to the question of employee surveillance. For instance, the court in Halford v. UK [1997] I. This court found that intercepting phone calls made from an employee on business premises was a breach of the employee s privacy. 8 This decision was upheld in 4839 and Douglas v. We will write a custom essay sample on Analysis of Cyber Law Case about Employee Surveillance or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page For instance, in MS v. Sweden(1999) 28 E. 313 ECHR, an employee complained that the release of her medical data was provided to her employer, which led to her dismissal. However, the court ruled that that disclosure was legitimate and necessary to a democratic society.

Personal Experience With The Stitt Feld Handy Negotiation...

To Negotiate is a part of every day life, and in most cases is absolutely critical to your success. (book) There are a multitude of advantages and disadvantages towards specific approaches to conflict and negation. With several references to Stitt Feld Handy Negotiation Simulations I will discuss with you my initial understanding and experience of negotiation, prior to this class. I will also discuss my personal experience with the Stitt Feld Handy Negotiation Simulations, and how many of my initial views towards negation have altered since completing them. Based on this I will introduce my newfound understanding and plans for negotiating. I will conclude, by providing an overall evaluation of the negotiation module, specifically the negotiation simulations. †¨ Personally, I have always held negotiation and conflict at opposite sides of the spectrum, I felt I was an excellent negotiator, however I generally avoided conflict at all costs. I suppose I thought of myself as a great negotiator because the only instances in which I would be involved in a negation were where the stakes weren t very high, and the conflicts were minimal. What I failed to understand is that negation and conflict are entirely intertwined, you rarely have one with out the other(Book).†¨ The majority of issues I have negotiated in the past have all been minor, interest based negations. The other party and myself focused on each others interests and made attempts to work together to create options thatShow MoreRelatedIntroduction. Cahn And Abigail (2014) Define Negotiation1961 Words   |  8 PagesINTRODUCTION Cahn and Abigail (2014) define negotiation as â€Å"a particular type of conflict management—one characterized by an exchange of proposals and counter proposals as a means of reaching a satisfactory settlement† (p. 229). Negotiation is a fact of life. Subsequently, we spend a substantial amount of time negotiating for something every day. The fact of the matter is that life is full of conflict situations. Whether in our personal or professional lives and whether or not we are aware of it