Isaac Storm - 2332 Words

EXPAND ON GILDED AGE CORRUPTION IN THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT Was it innovation or greed and corruption that played a pivotal role in making the United States the leading industrialized nation in the world during the late 19th Century and early 20th Century, also known as the Gilded Age? In the book, Isaac’s Storm by Erik Larson the author describes how greed and corruption by the United States government ultimately leads to poor decisions after a horrific disaster in 1900 [Larson]. In addition, well-researched essays by Henry Demarest Lloyd and Emma Goldman back up Larson’s theory that the Gilded Age was actually a very dark time for the United States. Isaac’s Storm describes the historical aspects of the national weather service, weather†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"Nature is rich; but everywhere man, the heir of nature, is poor.† Lloyd begins his work by complaining about how the rich remain rich and the poor remain poor; however, as the essay progresses, one can see the accuracy of his views. He references the creation of Adam and Eve, stating that, â€Å"Never since time began have all the sons and daughters of men been all warm, and filled, and all shod and roofed.† It’s been true throughout history that because of monopolies that a very small percentage of men control a majority of land and resources. Lloyd states that individuals holding a majority of resources and land believe that that there is a scarcity; that there is not enough. And in order to survive, in order to be happy, in order to be prosperous, they must contain and constrain. Men must hold on to any and everything they can get their hands on. The minority has an opposing viewpoint. It feels that there is an abundance of resources, but because of unequal distribution, there is never enough to go around: â€Å"There is too much iron, too much lumber, too much flour―for this or that syndicate. The majority have never been able to buy enough of anything; but this minority have too much of everything to sell.† Lloyd concludes by expressing that we have become a â€Å"mutual deglutition.† He states that we have advanced too quickly and implicates that we are beginning to reverseShow MoreRelatedEssay on Isaac Storm743 Words   |  3 PagesIsaac Storm On Friday evening, September 7, 1900, many of the 37,000 residents of Galveston, Texas, were settling down to dinner, few if any of them concerned about the steady 15 mph northerly wind rattling their windows. Within 48 hours, at least 8,000 of the townspeople would be dead, victims of the single worst natural disaster in U.S. history. Relatively few people are aware that the deadliest natural disaster in the United States was the hurricane that struck Galveston Island on SeptemberRead MorePre And Post Disaster Changes Essay781 Words   |  4 PagesWorld Georgraphy Gerren Isaac GEO 1113-71 October 9, 2016 Introduction Hurricane Katrina, one of the intense storms, impacted the coast of the United States. Affecting the central Gulf Coast states of the US; cities such as New Orleans, LA, Mobile, AL, and Gulfport, MS were impacted by the burden of Katrina s force. The hurricane was so large that the area sustained forceful winds for hours before the storm s eye reached land on August 29, 2005. Following the hurricane, devastated cities acrossRead MoreOutline for Informative Speech on Galveston Hurricane of 19001293 Words   |  6 Pages In 2008, Hurricane Ike, one of the most destructive hurricanes in Texas history, knocked out power to over 2.6 million people. The storm caused a 14-foot surge and over 18 inches of rainfall. Before the day was over Ike had claimed 84 lives and 19.3 billion dollars in damage. That storm was one of the most terrifying experiences in my life. Life after the storm was no better. The heat was oppressive, the cleanup monstrous, and the weeklong lack of electricity humbl ing. Thesis/Preview: HurricanesRead MoreThe And The Sacrifice Of Isaac By Peter Paul1107 Words   |  5 Pagesyears of art to capture the intensity of the stories. My Journey to The Sacrifice of Isaac by Peter Paul Rubens begin when I saw a painting at the Nelson Atkins Museum of Art almost six years ago in a grand room, with tens of other paintings and high, echoing ceilings. I stood in front of a massive, Renaissance-era piece. Without looking at the title or artist’s statement, I knew it was of Abraham sacrificing Isaac. It had the iconic look of one of the most infamous stories from the bible. And whenRead MoreThe Legacy Of Isaac Monroe Cline1252 Words   |  6 Pages Isaac Monroe Cline was one of the era’s new scientists who believed he knew everything there was to be known about the motions of clouds and the behavior of storms. Isaac was the chief of the United States Weather Service bureau in Galveston at this time. The idea of a hurricane destroying the city of Galveston baffled him. As rain started to fall in the city with a higher intensity than normal, people were reassured by Isaac’s beliefs. He was completely wrong. Galveston which is locatedRead More The Impact of the Scientific Revolution Essay1513 Words   |  7 Pagesreverse this problem was to fix the institutions. Three important scientists of this era were Tycho Brahe, Galileo and Isaac Newton. Tycho Brahe (1546-1601) determined that the sun was the center of the universe. Galileo (1564-1642) was the first scientist to invent the telescope and view the earth. He determined that there were stars and high mountains in the moon. Isaac Newton (1642-1727) was very important because he invented calculus, which mathematically proves science. He was also the creatorRead MoreAge of Enlightenment: Revolutionary Viewpoints Spreading Essay830 Words   |  4 Pagestime gained confidence in themselves as free thinkers and realized the beauty and wealth of knowledge that nature could provide. Throughout the years of the Enlightenment, there were many individuals credited with great revolutions and discoveries. Isaac Newton and John Locke were two of these men. The well-known tale of Newton’s apple is perhaps the clearest example of how observation of nature helped to revolutionize thought. One day when Newton was outdoors, an apple fell from a tree nearby. SomeRead MoreThe Effects Of Climate Change On The North Atlantic Region Essay1368 Words   |  6 Pagescoastline property and land from the storm surge, there is also a need to reduce the intensity of the hurricanes themselves. A study done by the faculties at Stanford University and the University of Delaware shows that a large array of offshore wind turbines could serve that purpose adequately. They proved their hypothesis that the addition of a large array of wind turbines along the coasts of major U.S cities significantly reduced the wind speeds and storm surges by extracting enough kinetic energyRead MoreG reat Innovators Essay1414 Words   |  6 Pagesa lawyer, Martin started learning about law in 1505. One stormy night, Luther was walking, more or less running, in a storm that could have possibly ended his life for him right then and there. A lightning bolt just barely missed him as he was in a mad dash he fell down and began to pray and shout to God. He promised that, if he lived, he would become a monk. And so the storm stopped after this prayer and he became a monk, regretting the words he prayed at the time. About a month after the incidentRead MoreCharacteristics Of The Enlightenment Period1488 Words   |  6 Pageswith experience, but as they grow up, they learn more behaviors, morals, and skills which are then applied in their lives. Rationalism is a skill that is used in our day-to-day lives. Little decisions, such as dressing in a raincoat for an oncoming storm are examples of rationalism. This shows how important the enlightenment time period was and some of the impa ct it has made in our daily lives. The world during the enlightenment period differs greatly compared to the world today. Before the 1700s

Egyptian Sculpture Analysis Free Essays

His Wife, Infer-shames The Statue Group of En-shaft-aka and His Wife, Infer-shames was found in a rock- cut tomb at Dashes and sculpted by an unknown Egyptian artist in 2350 BC. The artist uses all aspects of composition to convey Egyptian dominance. Using a Standard Egyptian Scale, the figures were carved in proportions seen to be ideal by the Egyptians. We will write a custom essay sample on Egyptian Sculpture Analysis or any similar topic only for you Order Now The sculpture was carved out of limestone. It was richly painted with brightly colored paint. Now, only traces of the paint are visible. This piece is currently n view at The Walter’s Art Museum. En-shaft-aka is depicted is his most idealized form?muscular, athletic, youthful, and large in size, all of which evoke a sense of male dominance. His left leg advances forward as he rests his weight on his right leg. This pose creates a sense of depth and movement within the form, however in order to maintain durability, his legs are still fully connected to each other and to their base. The combination of his reddish skin tone, black painted eyes, and tightly curled, detailed wig is very typical of Egyptian Art in the Old Kingdom. The close attention to detail indicates how important the figure was and illustrates the skill of the artist. Infer-shames accompanies En-shaft-aka as his wife and inferior. She is not carved with the same attention to detail as her husband was perhaps because she was of less importance. Unlike the wig of her husband, the strands of her hair are not defined. Instead, her hair is merely a block of limestone. Infer-shames proportions are very naturalistic and they reveal the Egyptians ideal proportion of human features. Her waist is very slender while her hands and feet are too large compared o the rest of her body. En-shaft-aka and wife’s faces are very similar to each other as well as to other portraits of their time, which confirms they were based off standard Egyptian ideals and were not veracious portraits. The over idealized forms lack character and individuality, thus ridding the piece of emotion. The figures’ rigid poses and lack of physical connection between each other thereby heightens this notion. With legs facing straight ahead, En-shaft-aka and his wife do not touch as they impassively and confidently gaze into the future, evoking a sense of permanence. How to cite Egyptian Sculpture Analysis, Papers

Evolution of Commonwealth Bank of Australia-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Commonwealth bank of Australia. Answer: Introduction Commonwealth Bank of Australia is a pioneer in providing integrated financial services. The business of the bank pertains to retail business, institutional banking, and products that pertain to management and services. The major chunk of the population in Australia hails the bank as the major financial institution. Moreover, Commonwealth bank played a leading role in securing a strong economy that enables employment opportunities, financial security, and growth. In the year 2017, the bank served more than 16.5 million customers, gave back 75% of cash profit and employed a whopping 51,800 people (CBA, 2017). The report evaluates Commonwealth Bank of Australia, a leader in the banking and financial services with eight major initiatives in hand that projects the commitment level of the company in the creation of long-term growth that is sustainable in nature. Ratio analysis is conducted so as to see the impact on the areas of profitability, use of the asset, liquidity and capital structure. The managements performance is evaluated with the help of ROA and EPS (Ferris et. al, 2010). The process of share valuation enables to forecast on the performance of the company. Further, the performance of share is ascertained and a comparison is done with the index of the market. An in-depth analysis of the shares has been done followed by a SWOT analysis. The report considers various information from external sources and conclusion has been derived whether or not to invest in the company (Brigham Daves, 2012). In 2017, the Commonwealth earned an income of $26bn. There was a marginal increment in the interest income. The figure stands at $33,293 million in 2017 as compared to a figure of $33,817 million in 2016. The bank had a profit of $9.9 billion out of which three quarters is provided to the shareholders while the rest remains reinvested. The bank returned profits to the shareholder in the form of a dividend of $7.4 billion (CBA Dividend, 2017). The expenses of the bank constituted to $4.8 billion and the tax amount stood at $3.9 billion. Financial health This section stresses on the profit reaping nature of the company and the potential of the management with the liquidity factor. A company can attain the desired goal and expand when it contains the desired liquidity and reaping good profits with a strong performance in the market (Davies Crawford, 2012). Profitability The profitability ratio denotes the ability of the company in generating profit from its activities. It evaluates the ability of the business to generate earnings in comparison to the expenses and various other costs that are relevant in nature that is incurred during a period of time. A comparison with the previous year ratio will help in answering about the performance of the company (Berk et. al, 2015). As for Commonwealth Bank of Australia, the ratio profitability ratio consists of the gross profit, net profit and the return on assets ratio. The gross profit margin of the Commonwealth bank has increased from 44.70% in 2016 to 47.37% in 2017 signifying that the bank has a proper manager management of the interest expense. It can be cited that the management of the bank has controlled the interest expense thereby leading to gross profit (Wood Sangster, 2005). Secondly, the net profit margin is computed by dividing the net profit by sales. Commonwealth banks net profit has shown an increment in 2017 that stands at 26.78% as compared to 24.92% in 2016. There is a slight or a marginal increment in the ratio that can be attributed to the better management of the operating income. The increment in the operating income indicates a strong management and hence, be able to post higher net profit ratio Brigham Ehrhardt, 2011). The ROA indicates the profitability that is linked with the assets of the company. From the computation, it can be commented that the bank has been able to post a better figure as compared to the year 2016 however; the increment in the ROA is marginal. Moreover, the returns should be at the higher end as higher the ROA, the better for the company. The assets have generated profit for the bank, however; the same can be utilized in a more efficient way for higher profit. Liquidity The liquid position determines the ability of the organization in meeting the obligations. The liquid position is highly observed by various parties because organizations that are heavily reliant on debt are vulnerable and risky in nature. Banks, suppliers and other parties who lend to the business generally check the liquid position (Melville, 2013). The liquidity position can be known with the help of current and quick ratio. A current ratio of more than 1 indicates that the organization has more current assets as compared to the current liabilities and hence, the obligations will be discharged. As per the computation, it is observed that the current ratio of Commonwealth bank stands at 1.28 times as compared to the ratio of 0.78 in the year 2016. As there is no inventory available with the company, therefore, the quick ratio will appear the same as the current ratio. The quick ratio projects the same finding like that of the current ratio. The increment in the ratio is a powerful indicator that the business can meet the obligations with ease and flexibility. The trend of both the current and the quick ratio stands positively. Both the current and the quick ratio move in the same director hence, additional loans can be procured and will be granted by the banks and the financial institutions for the proper ratios. Capital structure The capital structure constitutes an important part for the company as it determines the manner in which the company has structured the funds. It needs to be noted that the structure must be settled in mix blend of equity and debt otherwise the company will fail to produce the desired effect (Porter Norton, 2014). The debt to equity of Commonwealth Bank stands at 9.83 in 2017 as compared to 1.48 in 2016 meaning that the company is highly geared. When debt-equity ratio stands more than 1 it indicates that the company has a major reliance on debt. This ratio gives an instance that Commonwealth bank relies more on debt and a vast increment is witnessed in 2017 (Bodie et. al, 2014). Further, the debt ratio remained the same. In both the year the ratio stood at 0.93 indicating a major reliance on debt (CBA, 2017). The equity ratio of the company stands at 6.52% in 2017 as compared to 6.49% in 2016 indicating that a marginal increment has happened. Higher the equity ratio, the better is for the company. The capital structure is more infused with debt and hence, prone to more risks (Bodie et. al, 2014). Asset efficiency For Commonwealth bank, the asset turnover was 3.48 in 2017 as compared to 3.67 in 2016. This indicates that for each dollar in assets, the company generated $3.48 in sales (CBA, 2017). On the other hand, the Commonwealth bank posted a higher equity ratio in both the years. Though there was a drop in the equity ratio in 2017 yet the percentage was higher indicating the efficient use of the banks equity management. It implies that the shareholder equity has been utilized to the optimum level but of a lower extent as compared to the year 2016. Further, this ratio can be compared with other competitors that belong to the same industry (Wahlen et. al, 2010). Market performance The Earnings per share of Commonwealth bank has increased in 2017 that stands at 577.6 as compared to 542.3 in 2016 (CBA, 2017). It augurs a strong signal because a higher EPS is always required as it projects that the company is highly profitable and contains more profit for the purpose of distribution to the shareholders. Moreover, a higher EPS ensures an increment of the stock price (Shah, 2013). Hence, going by the structure of the EPS it can be commented that the market structure of Commonwealth bank is strong. Management assessment As at 5th October 2017, the market capitalization of Commonwealth Bank stood at $1,30.45 billion and the current stock price of the company stands at $75.40. The market capitalization of the company stands strong and as the market capitalization of the company exceeds $10 billion it is a large-cap company (CBA, 2017). Hence, the size of Commonwealth Bank provides ample advantages to the organization in terms of less volatility of the shares while the small caps are exposed to huge volatility. Further, the stability of the company remains intact and the large-cap companies provide more dividends. The ROA of the company is positive and the EPS of the company has undergone a strong change in a positive manner (Subramanyam Wild, 2014). It signifies a positive trend and stress that the management of the company is strong and is performing the duty in an effective manner. Growth in the EPS is one of the vital factors because an organization with a higher EPS is always vouched for as compa red to the company with a lower or a declining EPS (Albrecht et.al, 2011). Outlook/ forecast CBA has ensured a strong position in the market with high profits and by regular payment of dividend. It is a good investment for the long-term perspective. Banks always have a formidable business and being regulated in nature it helps them to make an immense profit. CBA stands among the Australias big four banks. At the current scenario, the shares of CBA are not a good buy and must be sold because the price of CBA is priced to perfection. The company has reached a peak in terms of growth and going by the trend it can be either hold for a price target of $83.91 or to sell at this juncture to book profits. Moreover, the banks are always under a cyclical nature of banking and the risks can pull it downwards. Moreover, valuation plays a significant part in the process of investment for the blue chips companies until availed at prices that are bargained. In this process, the investors lock themselves into returns that are mediocre (Choi Meek, 2011). Moreover, after reaching a significant height, it is difficult to assume that the prices of the share will move in the same rapidity as was seen in the past. The growth prospects are not diminished, however, at the current juncture it is important that the shares should not be purchased. The shares can be sold currently to book profits and later can be repurchased if any corrections take place (Libby et. al, 2011). Liquidity and size (table 18, p31) The stock of CBA is liquid in nature as the shares that are traded that are 2,117,817 shares. The average volume indicates that the company shares are having a high exposure. CBA fall under the large-cap and hence is able to enjoy the confidence of the investors. Since the volatility factor is less owing to the strength it is able to get a strong exposure (Deegan, 2011). Principal activities Since it is the banking industry, the organization is faced with innumerable challenges and opportunities. Therefore, a SWOT analysis of CBA is done that will stress upon the various aspect and provide a brief description of its strength, weakness, opportunities, and threats. SWOT of CBA Strengths Leading Australian Bank according to Main Financial Institutions (MFI) rankings: Customer care has been a bonus point of the CBA. It has maintained the no.1 spot for many customer-related services with award achievements. Attention is paid more towards an increase in customer satisfaction. Higher quality and well-diversified credit portfolio: CBA invests 58% of its received loans in property and mortgage while only 13% is used for international trading. Master Netting Arrangements helps it in the reduction of risks (CBA, 2017). Continues emphasis on technology with new offerings: A whole lot of apps and other associative projects have been launched by the bank to expand its area and dominance. Robust financial position with high credential ratings: CBAs profit increased by 7% in 2017 as compared to 2016. It also provided a huge unexpected dividend. Average net profit seemed to increase by 7% also. Continually improving work environment: The company posses strong beneficial training programs so as to increase the skills and ability of its employees. According to the Australian Workplace Equality Index Awards 2016 the company acquires the second place. Weakness High dependence on off-shore borrowings: CBA to survive through indiscriminate subsidy. This increases the risk nand makes it vulnerable in the marketing environment. CBA pays stress ion eliminating it but some of it still afloat. Embroilment in money laundering scandals: In 2017 the company was found guilty of breaking 53,700 anti-money rules and involvement in a scandal. This was a threat to the companys image and as a result, the bonus of senior employees was eliminated (CBA, 2017). Limited geographical diversity: CBA associates its working with New Zealand, China and Vietnam. The company has no roots in Asia or Europe which deprives its of chances to expand. Increasing operating expenses: Expenses of the bank have risen by 4% which is due to the alteration in technologies and market, but this reason is not satisfactory and the bank seems to now take control over the personnel costs and currency disorders. Opportunities Expansion into emerging markets: CBAs working in China has brought it dominance and expansion chances on a large scale. Free Trade Agreement between India and Australia will be finalized soon and this will take the companys dominance to another level (CBA, 2017). Indigenous Costumer Assistance Line (ICAL): Indigenous and Aboriginal Torres Straits Island get CBAs services through telephones. The bank has got some dominating chances by its association with this section by providing loans. Threats Phasing out of government guarantees to banks: The deposits and debt of CBA have been depriving of protection after the sale of the government shares which posses as a serious threat to the company. Higher Capital Requirement by APRA: The new rules set up by APRA and RBA will put pressure on CBA to push up their tier one ratios and this will affect and potentially increase the interest rates of the bank (Damodaran, 2010). Fragile business environment and slowdown in China: Lower rates have attracted retail loans but the field of corporate loan is empty, which is a threat to the bank is. Also, any effect in the Chinese market will affect the bank as it is its main associative (CBA, 2017). Price sensitive announcements (table 11, pg. 21) The share price of the company underwent a huge volatility in the past few months where the price of the share surged to a high of $85.05 and fell to the low of $73.24 (CBA, 2017). It needs to be noted that the high level of volatility provides investors the opportunity to select the stock and enter into the stock. Further, it can be purchased at a low price. From the financial statements, it can be commented that the CBA contains a strong management and is fundamentally strong but certain information has made the share price to fall. The price of the shares dropped to $76.60 because the Australian Prudential Regulatory Authority is concerned investigated a deep look into the company (CBA share graph, 2017). Further, a steep decline in August 2017 has been observed even considering the fact that the bank reported a $9.93 billion profit. The main reason for the decline can be cited due to the fall in the banks net interest margin that measures profitability and fell by 3 basis points to 2.11%. Conclusion The assessment and evaluation of CBA indicate that the financial health of the company is strong. When it comes to profitability, the bank has reported strong number. Both the gross profit margin and the net profit margin have shown an increment. The ROA is even positive. This signifies that the fundamental of the bank is intact and the assets are utilized in an effective manner. The liquidity of the CBA is strong because the current and the quick ratio stands above 1 meaning the bank wont face any problem while discharging the obligations. The two-year trend indicates a positive scenario of the company. Further, for a big organization like CBA, the ratio indicates that the company has a major reliance on the debt component. However, going by the size of CBA it can be said that for large cap companies the ratios are a little high. Further, the increment in the EPS as compared to 2016 is a major highlight that the management is performing in an effective manner References Albrecht, W, Stice, E Stice, J. (2011). Financial accounting. Mason, OH: Thomson/South-Western. Berk, J, DeMarzo, P. Stangeland, D. (2015). Corporate Finance. Canadian Toronto: Pearson Canada. Bodie, Z, Kane, A Marcus, A. J. (2014). Investments. McGraw Hill Brigham, E. Daves, P. (2012). Intermediate Financial Management. USA: Cengage Brigham, E.F. Ehrhardt, M.C. (2011). Financial Management: Theory and Practice. USA: Cengage Learning. CBA. (2017). Commonwealth Bank of Australia 2017 annual report and accounts. Accessed October 5, 2017 from https://www.commbank.com.au/content/dam/commbank/about-us/shareholders/pdfs/annual-reports/annual_report_2017_14_aug_2017.pdf CBA share graph. (2017). Commonwealth Bank (CBA) Summary. Accessed October 5, 2017 https://www.commbank.com.au/about-us/shareholders/managing-your-shares/share-price-graph.html CBA Dividend. (2017). 2017 Final Dividend, Accessed October 5, 2017 https://www.commbank.com.au/about-us/shareholders/managing-your-shares/dividend.html Choi, R.D. Meek, G.K. (2011). International accounting. Pearson. Davies, T. Crawford, I. (2012). Financial accounting. Harlow, England: Pearson. Damodaran, A. (2010). Applied Corporate Finance: A Users Manual. New York: John Wiley Damodaran, A. (2012). Investment Valuation. New York: John Wiley Sons. Deegan, C. M., (2011). In Financial accounting theory. North Ryde, N.S.W: McGraw-Hill Fields, E. (2011). The essentials of finance and accounting for nonfinancial managers, New York: American Management Association. Ferris, S.P., Noronha, G. Unlu, E. (2010). The more, merrier: an international analysis of the frequency of dividend payment. Journal of Business Finance and Accounting, 37(1), 14870. Libby, R., Libby, P. Short, D. (2011) Financial accounting. New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Melville, A (2013). International Financial Reporting A Practical Guide. Pearson, Education Limited, UK Porter, G Norton, C. (2014). Financial Accounting: The Impact on Decision Maker. Texas: Cengage Learning Shah, P. (2013). Financial Accounting. London: Oxford University Press Subramanyam, K Wild, J. (2014). Financial Statement Analysis. McGraw Hill Wahlen, J, M, Baginski, S, P, Bradshaw, M, T. (2010). Financial reporting, financial, Statement analysis and valuation: A strategic Perspective. Ohio: Cengage learning Wood, F Sangster, A. (2005). Business accounting 2. New York: Pearson education ltd.

Romeo and Juliet prologue Essay Example

Romeo and Juliet prologue Paper The prologue foreshadows whole story and that makes some audience sad because in the prologue it looks like there is only death and even when love accurse between two young lovers its still will be taken away because both of them at the end will die. At the beginning of the prologue Shakespeare has wrote ‘’from ancient grudge break to new mutiny’’ by writing ancient grudge Shakespeare wanted to tell us that the fight was going for a long time and by writing new mutiny Shakespeare told us that the fight is new again and it tells us that it was strong and now it might be even stronger this time. Later in the prologue in the 6th line Shakespeare writes ‘’two star crossed lovers take their life’’ by writing that hi explains us that there will two lovers and their love is marked by death this bit links back to rivalry because it tells us that even death can’t stop the feud between those two families, this then makes audience sad and confuse because their start to guess how strong is this feud. We will write a custom essay sample on Romeo and Juliet prologue specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Romeo and Juliet prologue specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Romeo and Juliet prologue specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In the 8th line of the prologue Shakespeare writes’’ doth with their death buries their parent strike’’ by writing that Shakespeare foreshadows the sad end of this story and explain to the audience that the rivalry between those two families are so strong that only their children’s death could end. This bit of the prologue makes audience sad and makes them guess how sad is this story and how it have changed life of the two families. Whole prologue foreshadows that there will be allot of deaths which then makes audience sad all thou it also tells that there will be love to which then makes audience a bit happier.

Free Essays on Martin Guerre

The Return of Martin Guerre By: Natalie Davis The story was based in the early 1550’s, a young peasant, Martin Guerre from Artigat had left his wife Bertrande and their son Sanxi and their inheritance to seek adventure in Spain as a mercenary. After leaving his family for nearly nine years a man claiming to be Martin returns to the village to claim his wife and land. Bertrande accepts the man as being her husband and they have another child together. Martin has a dispute with Pierre over the management of the family estate and ownership of the rents from Matins land during his absence. During their dispute a passing by veteran had claimed that â€Å"Martin† is not who he claims to be. He said that Martin had lost a leg at the battle of Saint Quentin and that he really was Arnaud de Tihl from a neighboring village. Both Martin and Arnaud had soldered together in the war, where they had became friends. The Guerre family was very divided over the story. Pierre and his sons -in-law believe the soldier’s story, and Pierres daughters and Bertrande continue to believe â€Å"Martin† is Martin. As their case was being heard before a judge (Coras), a man with a wooden leg enters the courtroom. The man enters right before the judge was going to free him. The man claims to be Martin Guerre. The judges were then forced to determine who the real Martin was. After having certain people look at them and ask them both questions. They figured out that the man claiming to be â€Å"Martin† wasn’t and his name was Arnaud. He was convicted of being an imposter and later was executed for the crime. Now the village had resolved the dispute. How did Bertrande seek freedom? Family- She was willing to go against her own family to seek a better, happier life. She had lied about him being her husband, because she felt that Arnaud treated her better. She wanted to be totally feed from her old marriage, and she wanted to be treated better and have a b etter life wit... Free Essays on Martin Guerre Free Essays on Martin Guerre The Return of Martin Guerre By: Natalie Davis The story was based in the early 1550’s, a young peasant, Martin Guerre from Artigat had left his wife Bertrande and their son Sanxi and their inheritance to seek adventure in Spain as a mercenary. After leaving his family for nearly nine years a man claiming to be Martin returns to the village to claim his wife and land. Bertrande accepts the man as being her husband and they have another child together. Martin has a dispute with Pierre over the management of the family estate and ownership of the rents from Matins land during his absence. During their dispute a passing by veteran had claimed that â€Å"Martin† is not who he claims to be. He said that Martin had lost a leg at the battle of Saint Quentin and that he really was Arnaud de Tihl from a neighboring village. Both Martin and Arnaud had soldered together in the war, where they had became friends. The Guerre family was very divided over the story. Pierre and his sons -in-law believe the soldier’s story, and Pierres daughters and Bertrande continue to believe â€Å"Martin† is Martin. As their case was being heard before a judge (Coras), a man with a wooden leg enters the courtroom. The man enters right before the judge was going to free him. The man claims to be Martin Guerre. The judges were then forced to determine who the real Martin was. After having certain people look at them and ask them both questions. They figured out that the man claiming to be â€Å"Martin† wasn’t and his name was Arnaud. He was convicted of being an imposter and later was executed for the crime. Now the village had resolved the dispute. How did Bertrande seek freedom? Family- She was willing to go against her own family to seek a better, happier life. She had lied about him being her husband, because she felt that Arnaud treated her better. She wanted to be totally feed from her old marriage, and she wanted to be treated better and have a b etter life wit...

How to Build Sentences With Appositives

How to Build Sentences With Appositives An appositive is a word or group of words that identifies or renames another word in a sentence. As weve seen (in the article What Is an Appositive?), appositive constructions offer concise ways of describing or defining a person, place, or thing. In this article, you will learn how to construct sentences with appositives. From Adjective Clauses to Appositives Like an adjective clause, an appositive provides more information about a noun. In fact, we may think of an appositive as a simplified adjective clause. Consider, for example, how the following two sentences can be combined: Jim Gold is a professional magician.Jim Gold performed at my sisters birthday party. One way to combine these sentences is to turn the first sentence into an adjective clause: Jim Gold, who is a professional magician, performed at my sisters birthday party. We also have the option of reducing the adjective clause in this sentence to an appositive. All that we need to do is omit the pronoun who and the verb is: Jim Gold, a professional magician, performed at my sisters birthday party. The appositive a professional magician serves to identify the subject, Jimbo Gold. Reducing an adjective clause to an appositive is one way to cut the clutter in our writing. However, not all adjective clauses can be shortened to appositives in this fashiononly those that contain a form of the verb to be (is, are, was, were). Arranging Appositives An appositive most often appears directly after the noun it identifies or renames: Arizona Bill, The Great Benefactor of Mankind, toured Oklahoma with herbal cures and a powerful liniment. Note that this appositive, like most, could be omitted without changing the basic meaning of the sentence. In other words, its nonrestrictive and needs to be set off with a pair of commas. Occasionally, an appositive may appear in front of a word that it identifies: A dark wedge, the eagle hurtled earthward at nearly 200 miles per hour. An appositive at the beginning of a sentence is usually followed by a comma. In each of the examples seen so far, the appositive has referred to the subject of the sentence. However, an appositive may appear before or after any noun in a sentence. In the following example, the appositive refers to roles, the object of a preposition: People are summed up largely by the roles they fill in society wife or husband, soldier or salesperson, student or scientistand by the qualities that others ascribe to them. This sentence demonstrates a different way of punctuating appositiveswith dashes. When the appositive itself contains commas, setting off the construction with dashes helps to prevent confusion. Using dashes instead of commas also serves to emphasize the appositive. Placing an appositive at the very end of a sentence is another way to give it special emphasis. Compare these two sentences: At the far end of the pasture, the most magnificent animal I had ever seen- a white-tailed deer- was cautiously edging toward a salt-lick block.At the far end of the pasture, the most magnificent animal I had ever seen was cautiously edging toward a salt-lick block- a white-tailed deer. Whereas the appositive merely interrupts the first sentence, it marks the climax of sentence two. Punctuating Nonrestrictive and Restrictive Appositives As weve seen, most appositives are nonrestrictivethat is, the information that they add to a sentence is not essential for the sentence to make sense. Nonrestrictive appositives are set off by commas or dashes. A restrictive appositive (like a restrictive adjective clause) is one that cannot be omitted from a sentence without affecting the basic meaning of the sentence. A restrictive appositive should not be set off by commas: John-Boys sister Mary Ellen became a nurse after their brother Ben took a job at a lumber mill. Because John-Boy has multiple sisters and brothers, the two restrictive appositives make clear which sister and which brother the writer is talking about. In other words, the two appositives are restrictive, and so they are not set off by commas. Four Variations 1. Appositives that Repeat a NounAlthough an appositive usually renames a noun in a sentence, it may instead repeat a noun for the sake of clarity and emphasis: In America, as in anywhere else in the world, we must find a focus in our lives at an early age, a focus that is beyond the mechanics of earning a living or coping with a household. - Santha Rama Rau, An invitation to Serenity Notice that the appositive in this sentence is modified by an adjective clause. Adjectives, prepositional phrases, and adjective clauses (in other words, all of the structures that can modify a noun) are often used to add details to an appositive. 2. Negative AppositivesMost appositives identify what someone or something is, but there are also negative appositives that identify what someone or something is not: Line managers and production employees, rather than staff specialists, are primarily responsible for quality assurance. Negative appositives begin with a word such as not, never, or rather than. 3. Multiple AppositivesTwo, three, or even more appositives may appear alongside the same noun: Saint Petersburg, a city of almost five-million people, Russias second-largest and northernmost metropolis, was designed three centuries ago by Peter the Great. As long as we dont overwhelm the reader with too much information at one time, a double or triple appositive can be an effective way of adding supplementary details to a sentence. 4. List Appositives with PronounsA final variation is the list appositive that precedes a pronoun such as all or these or everyone: Streets of yellow row houses, the ochre plaster walls of old churches, the crumbling sea-green mansions now occupied by government offices all seem in sharper focus, with their defects hidden by the snow. - Leona P. Schecter, Moscow The word all is not essential to the meaning of the sentence: the opening list could serve by itself as the subject. However, the pronoun helps to clarify the subject by drawing the items together before the sentence goes on to make a point about them.

Self Attendance and Participation evaluation Essay

Self Attendance and Participation evaluation - Essay Example The topic that stirred the most curiosity in me was the article on ‘It’s a Flat World, After All’. The article talks about how globalization has taken over the world. The author of the article calls the world a flat world because of the extent of globalization that has occurred in the world. The article talks about how India has taken advantage of globalization and outsourcing, and is contributing towards the overall process of globalization. The world has become smaller today as compared to the previous century. Today a software engineer sitting in a separate country can develop well suited software for international firms and this shows the extent to which the world has shrank today. I was not aware of the present day situation of outsourcing and off –shoring and therefore the article took me by surprise. I knew about the software industry of India but the facts that the article revealed were amazing to say the least. The article also calls for keeping a pace with the fast moving world as everyone will have to work really hard to make any progress in the new globalized flat world. The graduate work force all over the world is increasing specially in the developing countries like China and India. This is why it is extremely important to work hard in today’s flat work. I think I have fared really well in the area of attendance and class participation. I have worked really hard to give in all my work on time meeting all the deadlines. For the past 5 weeks I have attended all classes and have also participated to my best. I will award 6 points to my attendance as I have taken all classes. Attendance points should be full because attendance has not been an issue with me. I will assign 4 points for participation because I have participated considerably in the class however, there is room for improvement. This is why I have not assigned full points to myself when it comes to

How has Forensic Science Impacted Anit-terrorism Internationally or Research Paper

How has Forensic Science Impacted Anit-terrorism Internationally or Nationally - Research Paper Example Crime is on the rise and it can occur in places like schools, colleges, areas of businesses, public places or even right in the middle of the street. No one is safe from this menace and by no one, it certainly means, not even the Presidents of the countries. We have lively examples of Ronald Reagan, the US President, who was attacked by a gun man but remained safe and another example of President Pervez Musharraf, the former President of Pakistan, who was attacked by suicide bombers while he was marching his way towards his home in Karachi, Pakistan. Crime and criminals patrol at all hours of day and night. Their mission is to inculcate a sense of fear among the people with their unethical acts. They use knives and sometimes hand guns to disrupt the flow of society in acts of theft, robbery and murder. On the other hand, to show their supremacy over the authorities, acts of terrorism are put together by the terrorists to create havoc in the news bulletins across the world. (Larry J S iegel, 2009) But the question that clicks everyone's mind is what is done to cure this world from such acts committed by mercenaries and of narrow mindedness? One aspect of criminal investigation brings us to the widely known concept of forensic science. It is a sort of science that uses scientific techniques to cater and analyze physical evidence in criminal cases. The concept revolves around the crime scene investigation team who collects evidences from the crime scene and sends it to the forensic laboratories for analysis by the forensic examiners. (Howard Silverstone, 2007) Current challenges With ever growing nature of the forensic workers, their challenges have doubled since the past decade. Now the expectations have risen sky high and the authorities just don't want the forensic examiners to work hard in resolving an issue but now they also want from them agility and accuracy. With the increase in terrorist acts, the authorities want an increase in the efficiency of the foren sic results. In order to counter terrorism, any evidence ranging from a DNA test of a person to foot prints, from a pencil located at the crime scene to a chewing gum cover, every single object can lead the forensic scientists to glory. Every country in the world has realized that they are not invincible or untouchable. In the past couple of decades events like the attacks on the world trade centre in New York, the Murrah building in Oklahoma city, the bombing of flight 103 in Scotland, the 24/7 attacks in London and with many more on going terrorist attacks throughout the world have certainly put a strong challenge to the forensic authorities to work hard and fight crime and criminals. The importance of the findings from the forensic people is also very crucial because if the scientific evidence carries a false sense of significance, then it could lead to misleading results. They have to be very watchful in their working methods to avoid any incompetence. It is also very important for the forensic laboratories and for the people working in it to be independent in their thoughts, they shouldn't be biased towards anyone and furthermore their findings will be much more meaningful if the federal authorities and any of the senior ranked personnel’s do not interfere in their work to show their mind set and favoritism towards a certain party. Best practices Forensic science is a discreet witness to every criminal activity. No perpetrator can get away with his crime due to the diverse practices subsets of it. Forensic ballistics is one amongst the best current practices in Counterterrorism. This study involves analyzing the bullets, firearms and other

The three Narrators Essay Example for Free

The three Narrators Essay The lifeless thing that lay at my feet my candle was nearly burnt out. Frankenstein has made himself isolated by abandoning everything to create his creature. Mary Shelley develops the theme of isolation in chapter 21 when Victor Frankenstein is placed in prison; she has now physically isolated him. Frankenstein is shown as very secluded and distraught I was overcome with gloom and misery. Frankensteins closest friend had been killed so his isolation seems to be justified. Shelley used his self-pity to reflect to evoke the feeling that he is alone without a friend; no one is there to help so he goes deeper into self pity no one near me soothed me with the gentle voice of love; no dear hand supported me. Shelley portrays the monster as a misunderstood individual with caring at heart but wants retribution against Frankenstein. The monster mirrors the actions of a child that had been rejected at birth by its parents. The monster looks to the reader as being destined towards a life of isolation and depression. The monster describes himself as a poor, helpless, miserable wretch. Shelley uses these comments by the monster to evoke the feeling of sympathy and make it known to the reader that at that point in the time the monster was feeling rejected and isolated making the monster low in self-esteem leading to the statements being made. The monster also enhances the portrayal of the isolation by admitting he is desolate to the reader making more straight-forward for the reader to identify with the monster and even Mary Shelley as all the characters are related to Shelleys personal experiences during her childhood and adulthood. At the end of chapter 10 when Frankenstein and his monster meet Shelley shows the monster as someone who was willing to make friends among humans. I was benevolent; my soul glowed with love and humanity; but am I not alone, miserably alone? You, my creator abhor me; what hope can I gather from your fellow creatures, who owe me nothing? To the reader the monster is shown as an isolated individual who has unfairly been abandoned by its father/creator. Frankenstein is shown as his father who has left him to rot therefore enforcing the effect of isolation the reader feels about the monster. The reader is then made to feel that Victor Frankenstein is to blame for the monsters feelings of isolation. Shelley used this technique to prepare the reader for the monsters narrative view and to start seeing things from the monsters perspective. In conclusion Shelley has been found to use to several narrative and literal techniques to show the feeling of isolation through all the characters. Shelley very often during the story used the scenery to reflect the emotions of the narrators within the book. The isolation within this book was one of the primary themes contributing to its gothic theme. Shelley uses things she experienced during her experience to create different situations in which isolation and sympathy were portrayed. Shelley (in the book) does not mention the word isolation however using very subtle techniques during the dialogue of the narrators and also scenery description she conveys the emotion fully to the reader about the characters within the story. Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Mary Shelley section.

Revenge and Vengeance - Revenge More Important than Oedipus Complex Ess

Revenge More Important than Oedipus Complex in Hamlet  Ã‚        Ã‚   A boy's streak of vengeance is not always merely Oedipal. Hamlet's revenge, and the situations that spur it, are not based on his love for his mother, but on the need to avenge his father's death. Although Hamlet is the only one who hears the ghost talk, others experience the sight. This proves that he does not subconsciously create the hallucination in order to rid his mother of her new lover. Once learning that his father was murdered, and that no one witnessed his death, Hamlet feels compelled to punish the killer. Even though the murderer is his mother's new husband, Hamlet acts to avenge his father's death, not out of jealousy for his mother's partner. Hamlet is very angry with Gertrude, his mother, for marrying so soon after her first husband's death. His fury is based solely on his mother's rapid wedding and the person whom she wed, not on Hamlet's sexual desires towards his mother. Although Hamlet may love his mother, his actions of revenge are based on his need to a venge Old Hamlet's untimely death. The Oedipus Complex is a "universal law" which suggests that all boys become their mother's lover in dreams. "Freud believed that in the phallic stage of development, every boy becomes his mother's lover in his dreams"(1).This may cause them to try to rid their mother of her lover out of jealousy. In Hamlet's case, his revenge is not based on his sexual desires towards his mother but on his need to punish his father's killer. Old Hamlet's spirit, which was seen by Horatio, Bernardo and Marcellus even before gaining access to Hamlet, is not a figment of Hamlet's imagination. Hamlet did not subconsciously create the spirit as a means of creating a reason to ... ...loyal son's revenge. Works Cited and Consulted: Adelman, Janet. Suffocating Mothers: Fantasies of Maternal Origin in Shakespeare's plays, 'Hamlet' to 'The Tempest'. London and New York: Routledge. 1992. Guerin, Wilfred L., Earle Labor, Lee Morgan, Jeanne C. Reeseman, and John R. Willingham. A Handbook of Critical Approaches to Literature. New York: Oxford University Press, 1992. Heilman, Robert B. "The Role We Give Shakespeare." Essays on Shakespeare. Ed. Gerald Chapman. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1965. Pitt, Angela. "Women in Shakespeare's Tragedies." Readings on The Tragedies. Ed. Clarice Swisher. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1996. Reprint from Shakespeare's Women. N.p.: n.p., 1981. Shakespeare, William. Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. The Riverside Shakespeare. ED. G. Blakemore Evans. Boston: Haughton Mifflin Company, 1974.   

Air Forces Northern incident awareness and assessment playbook Essay

Ethics Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The United States Northern Command (USNORTHCOM) is the combatant command that is responsible for security and defense. They conduct Defense of the Civil authorities through providing capabilities to the DOD, Department of Defense from their land, air and sea components in support of the leading federal policies geared towards responding to any homeland security threat.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Among the capabilities that the DOD brings to their operations is the ISR and IAA. There is no difference between these two terms only that the term IAA has just been coined by the USNORTHCOM to denote the application of ISR when it is applied domestically to support the homeland security. The ISR operation mainly consist of flying both manned and unmanned platforms which are set to revolve over the battle field top provide a clear picture of the situation underneath. During the wartime, this picture could include the location of roads and deposition of the enemy and also the information that may be required so as to target the enemy. ISR provides a clear picture of situational awareness that could not only be used strategically to gain the full picture but also tactically to gather intelligence information that are useful in engaging individual targets. The situation awareness that is provided by the IAA/ ISR becomes a significant force m ultiplier which the commanders have been known to highly rely on.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There are many obstacles to realizing full potential for the ISR in homeland security. Currently there is statutory, doctrine, ethical and policy obstacles that exist to prevent ISR from reaching their full capacity for the homeland security provision.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Improved doctrines will see the department of Defense improve their ability to deliver IAA capabilities to the local, tribal, state and also the federal entities. The consumers all over the country and also the whole world will benefit from improved IAA capabilities.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The most significant ethical issues come secondarily where IAA capabilities are employed domestically. This is because it is known that all the American citizens enjoy freedoms of privacy, expression and they expect this to be fundamental and be respected in the best way possible. The American citizens highly value their freedoms and hence loath ideas that seem to threaten their constitutional protection.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In publicizing the use and purpose of IAA, I think there is a big ethical consideration in it because the citizens will get to know the function of IAA and how they function. They will not think that their freedoms are being infringed on but know that this is a military operation and that is how they are and should be carried hence in so doing, there will be no blame game between the government and the citizens. Reference USAF. (2007). Air Force doctrine document 2-9; Intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance operations. Washington, D.C.: United States Air Force. Air Forces Northern. (2010). Air Forces Northern incident awareness and assessment playbook. Tyndall AFB, FL: USAF. USNORTHCOM Public Affairs. (2008, September 18). Hurricane response. Retrieved from United States Northern Command: http://www.northcom.mil/news/2008/091908I.html Source document

Responsibility of forming a government Essay

Different regions are led by rulers of varying caliber. Each ruler ship style has advantages and disadvantages of their own. Governments for example are considered to be a bad style of ruler ship because of the many evils that its people are forced to face. The society may be so united and cheerful but a government comes in to interfere with people’s way of life. It is true that the same people are always charged with the responsibility of forming a government by means of elections but the same government always turns against them. The society has always been a blessing to the members and they feel so much at home in such setups. This is because people mix freely and help one another freely even though they mat be having the same types of needs. A small society is self sustaining in that all services are offered by the people. As time goes by, the same people always feel the need to have special bodies to look into their affair and this is how governments are formed. The same people make the constitutions but soon after wards, the same governments turn against their people. Some places have adopted other forms of leadership like kingship to help them. This has its advantage of inheritance as a means of take over and so helps to prevent any deaths that are characteristic of democratic governments. Monarchies also have own weaknesses. Man should therefore just bear with whatsoever form of leadership that they have.

Definition and Examples of Logographs

Definition and Examples of Logographs A  logograph is a  letter, symbol, or sign used to represent a word or phrase. Adjective: logographic. Also known as a logogram. The following logographs are available on most alphabetic keyboards: $,  Ã‚ £,  Ã‚ §, , , %, , and -. In addition, the single-digit Arabic number symbols (0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9) are logographic symbols. The best-known examples of a logographic writing system are Chinese and Japanese. Though originally derived from ideographs, the symbols of these languages now stand for words and syllables and do not refer directly to concepts or things (David Crystal,  The Penguin Encyclopedia, 2004). Etymology:  From the Greek, word writingPronunciation:  LO-go-graf Examples and Observations English doesnt have many logographs. Here are a few: %  £ We would read those as and, per cent, at, and pound. And in maths we have several more, such as the signs for minus, multiplied by, divided by, and square root of. Quite a few of the special signs in chemistry and physics are logographs, too.Some languages consist entirely of logographs. Chinese is the best known. Its possible to write Chinese with an alphabet like the one we use for English, but the traditional way of writing the language is to use logographs- though theyre usually called characters when we talk about Chinese.(David Crystal, A Little Book of Language. Yale University Press, 2010) Logographs in English Logographs are used in many languages, including English. When the symbol [2] is used to represent the word two in English, it is being used as a logograph. The fact that it can also be used to represent the number deux two in French and the number mbili two in Shinzwani means that, although the same sign can be used as a logograph in different languages, the way it is pronounced can be different, depending on the language in which it is functioning as a logograph. Another sign that is used as a logograph in a lot of different languages is the []. In contemporary English, it has come to mean at and is used as part of an Internet address. It works comfortably in English to say myname-at-myinternetaddress, but this doesnt work as well in some other languages.(Harriet Joseph Ottenheimer, The Anthropology of Language: An Introduction to Linguistic Anthropology, 2nd ed. Cengage, 2009) Logographs in Texting What novelty there is in texting lies chiefly in the way it takes further some of the processes used in the past. . . . There are no less than four processes combined in iowan2bwu I only want to be with you: full word an initialism a shortened word two logograms an initialism a logogram.(David Crystal, 2b or not 2b? The Guardian [UK], July 5, 2008) Processing Logographs Whereas earlier studies had indicated that  logographs are  processed by the right and alphabets by the left hemisphere of the brain, [Rumjahn] Hoosain provides more recent data suggesting that both are processed in the left, though possibly in different areas of the left. (Insup Taylor and David R.  Olson, Introduction to  Scripts and Literacy: Reading and Learning to Read Alphabets, Syllabaries, and Characters. Springer, 1995)

Aquaculture And Fisheries Industry In Malaysia

Aquaculture And Fisheries Industry In Malaysia INTRODUCTION Aquaculture industry in Malaysia nowadays has become one of engine of growth that contributes to the improvement in the economy of our country. Fisheries industry is one of the main sectors of food supply in Malaysia. At 2008, aquaculture has achieved about 20.8% contribution in fisheries industry   [ 1 ]   . Among various types of aquaculture activities, brackish water aquaculture is the predominant practise in the industry. Aquaculture is becoming one of ways to enhance food security and increase export revenues of Malaysia. Thus, commercialisation of aquaculture industry is the great concern give by government and private sectors to promote a better life and standard of living of people despite of increasing the economy development. I want to investigate how far the commercialisation of shrimp does contribute in the aspect of economy development and Human Developing Index. I have the idea to do this research initially because I’ve seen that farmed shrimp h ave been demanded by people for many reasons. This research was done to investigate the effect of commercialisation of shrimp farming in aquaculture industry towards the area in Merbok, Kedah. Most of the shrimp farmers choose various type of shrimp in their farm according to demand by people. I chose to do this research in Merbok initially because it is one of important aquaculture area of in Kuala Muda, Kedah. Moreover, Kedah is poised to become a major shrimp aquaculture zone   [ 2 ]   . The research is significant to investigate the effect of commercialisation towards the surrounding area including farmers, households and private sectors in Merbok. The Malaysian government assists the shrimp culture industry through the Department of Fisheries, which provides advice and technical assistance. In addition, aquaculture industry is become to produce high value species for domestic market as well as for the export market. About 80 percent of the Malaysian shrimp culture productio n is exported, mostly to Singapore, Japan, the United States, and Europe. Export market contributes mainly towards increasing revenues in economy of Malaysia. But, in this research, there is no numerical data about export of shrimp because most of farmers in Merbok do not export their products directly. Besides, this research is significant to make the community realise the steps taken by government to improve income and standard of living of poor people in Malaysia in order to reduce poverty. Most of Malaysian does not aware of it. Commercialization is the main purpose did by government to attract more people involve in this profitable sector. Furthermore, I also include the challenges faced by farmers in shrimp farming. 1.2 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES This study is attempted to make a further study of the effects of commercialism of tiger shrimp farming towards economy of Merbok. The objectives of study are: To investigate on how and how far has the aquaculture industry brought to improve ment in the economy development of Merbok, Kedah. To study the demand and supply of tiger shrimp before and after commercialization. To investigate the government intervention to improve this industry as one of important industry in Merbok, Kedah. To investigate the role aquaculture industry in increasing the standard of living of farmers, graduates and etc.

Aquaculture And Fisheries Industry In Malaysia

Aquaculture And Fisheries Industry In Malaysia INTRODUCTION Aquaculture industry in Malaysia nowadays has become one of engine of growth that contributes to the improvement in the economy of our country. Fisheries industry is one of the main sectors of food supply in Malaysia. At 2008, aquaculture has achieved about 20.8% contribution in fisheries industry   [ 1 ]   . Among various types of aquaculture activities, brackish water aquaculture is the predominant practise in the industry. Aquaculture is becoming one of ways to enhance food security and increase export revenues of Malaysia. Thus, commercialisation of aquaculture industry is the great concern give by government and private sectors to promote a better life and standard of living of people despite of increasing the economy development. I want to investigate how far the commercialisation of shrimp does contribute in the aspect of economy development and Human Developing Index. I have the idea to do this research initially because I’ve seen that farmed shrimp h ave been demanded by people for many reasons. This research was done to investigate the effect of commercialisation of shrimp farming in aquaculture industry towards the area in Merbok, Kedah. Most of the shrimp farmers choose various type of shrimp in their farm according to demand by people. I chose to do this research in Merbok initially because it is one of important aquaculture area of in Kuala Muda, Kedah. Moreover, Kedah is poised to become a major shrimp aquaculture zone   [ 2 ]   . The research is significant to investigate the effect of commercialisation towards the surrounding area including farmers, households and private sectors in Merbok. The Malaysian government assists the shrimp culture industry through the Department of Fisheries, which provides advice and technical assistance. In addition, aquaculture industry is become to produce high value species for domestic market as well as for the export market. About 80 percent of the Malaysian shrimp culture productio n is exported, mostly to Singapore, Japan, the United States, and Europe. Export market contributes mainly towards increasing revenues in economy of Malaysia. But, in this research, there is no numerical data about export of shrimp because most of farmers in Merbok do not export their products directly. Besides, this research is significant to make the community realise the steps taken by government to improve income and standard of living of poor people in Malaysia in order to reduce poverty. Most of Malaysian does not aware of it. Commercialization is the main purpose did by government to attract more people involve in this profitable sector. Furthermore, I also include the challenges faced by farmers in shrimp farming. 1.2 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES This study is attempted to make a further study of the effects of commercialism of tiger shrimp farming towards economy of Merbok. The objectives of study are: To investigate on how and how far has the aquaculture industry brought to improve ment in the economy development of Merbok, Kedah. To study the demand and supply of tiger shrimp before and after commercialization. To investigate the government intervention to improve this industry as one of important industry in Merbok, Kedah. To investigate the role aquaculture industry in increasing the standard of living of farmers, graduates and etc.

Project Proposals Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Project Proposals - Essay Example Therefore, the system must first ensure that each student registers himself and his project proposal. Then the project must be categorized and sent to the requisite faculty. The faculty must then make an assessment of the drawbacks or advantages of the project and must decide upon the feasibility with regards to time, cost etc. and notify the student accordingly. b) The aggregate project plan outlines the project's stages for the next 18 months. Since p3 is in the final year of completion, it has to be completed first. As p2 strongly contributes to 01 & 03, and as p3 will already have supported all the objectives, it must be finished first. This would then require us to implement only p1, which contributes to 02 (already implemented by p3), subsequent to which, p4 can be easily accomplished. This is because as p2 and p3 have already satisfied almost all of the objectives, it would not be a problem for the implementation of p1, whereby, p4 can be easily implemented. The time taken for each subsequent project will gradually reduce as the objectives that need to be accomplished at every stage gradually reduce. Such an approach will enable p3 to satisfy most of the university's need at the time of installation, and the subsequent projects can be added to the existing system to enhance the functionality of the system, and in some cases they need not be implemented or developed at all in case the earlier project satisfies the required functionalities of the current project in all respects. c) the title would be- A feasibility study on the automation of university project appraisals. We use this in the Strategic Decision Process. 2) a) we need to use an evolutionary prototyping model for this system, as this will enableus to make changes, which will enable an all-at-once installation as the product willbe tested from time to time during development.. b)simple application of the formula for every row. c) already discussed in 2004 paper. d) D-E-R-Q-W. e) this has already been shown in 2004 paper. After the Gantt chart. 3) a) module E: $(400*5*26) same is the case for the other 3 independent modules.For w: cost is $((400*5*52)+(500*5%52)) b) for module E: duration is 26 weeks. So no inflation whereas from modules w,q,r,the 5% rate is applicable. For example, for module w: the inflation must be applied for 52 weeks (assuming

Freigtag Company Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Freigtag Company - Essay Example The company prides its products in high regard, which is mirrored in the price of the bags. The company targets the high-end market, but it has not stopped the market from spending money on the pricy bags. However, the nature of the products is designed as durable bags, which is incorporated in the pricing. The company bases their pricing on the factor that the purchase of a bag will imply that the customer will not have to buy another bag for a long time. The durability of the bags is attributed to the resources used in the product development (Kotter, 2002). The organization uses old truck tarpaulins, car seat belts, and the inner tubes of bicycle tires to develop their expensive bags. The tools used are ideal for the company because they are cheap material since they are on low demand and they can be used in developing the bags, which are durable. The design of the bags is based on the bag design for the bike couriers, which they use for making deliveries. The design is suited to the general market because it has a casual look, and the bag can be used for various occasions, as well as in practical sense. The design is based on attracting keen observers of style and design. Along with the design, the bags are proven durable, waterproof, repairable, easy to use, and practical. The designs are unique and each bag is hand-made, making each bag personally tailored for its buyer (Richard, 2001). Strategy The strategy implemented by FREITAG is focused on using cost-cutting measures to increase or maximize profits. From the inception of the company, Marcus and Daniel did not borrow money, which was a main strategy of reducing any costs of the company that may affect the productivity in the long run. Even with the aim of creating FREITAG into an international company, the brothers focused on using their funds purchase material that will increase efficiency in the firm’s production strategies (Kleiman, 2010). The plan has served the brothers well over the years , it has fostered the development, and success of the organization, and they have managed to succeed in turning the company into an international company. The prime factors that have influenced the company’s strategy are three vital factors: quality, sustainability, and functionality. The three factors are integrated in the bag design as a measure of ensuring the firm’s success in the market. The brothers also ensured that the bags would be special, tough, and useful (Mitcham, 2005). It pushed the firm into using strong and durable material in the production of the bags, but still using materials that would keep the firm’s costs to a minimum. It is the reason why the organization will use recycled materials, which include pieces of airbags to make labels, and Velcro to produce quality bags at a low cost of production (COP). The organization focuses on in-house funding (revenue) as the means of developing the company’s brand and expansion strategies. The c ompany’s main core is centered in Europe, where it employs 88 employees. 76 are located in it is headquarter in Zurich, four operate in Hamburg, and Berlin and Cologne have three employees each. The company may have over 350 designated selling points worldwide; however, they are not employed directly by the company, which is a measure that ensures the firm maintains a low COP (Gomez, 2008).

Expo-magic of the white city Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Expo-magic of the white city - Essay Example The documentary also makes a description of Midway Plaisance and features sideshows, belly dancing, street fighting, a large Ferris wheel and even salons and other activities that marked the beginning of the 21st century. The legacy that the ventures in the documentary left is also not left outside of the discussion in the documentary (Connelly, 2). 1) Discussing How the Columbian World's Fair Highlighted the Technological Delights and Cosmopolitan Pleasures of the Progressive Era There are several ways by which the Columbian world's fair highlighted the technological delights of the progressive era. One of these ways is the large Ferris wheel which served as the paragon of technological and industrial advancement. These are non-building structures comprising the rotating upright wheel and passenger cars [gondolas]. These are kept attached to the wheel in a manner that as the wheel turns; the force of gravity keeps the cars upright. It is for this reason that at the end of the 20th c entury, roller coaster, theme parks and carnival observations became increasingly popular. Conversely, there are also ways by which the Columbian world’s fair reflected the cosmopolitan pleasures of the progressive era. Some of these manifestations of the cosmopolitan pleasures of the aforementioned era include acts of revelry such as belly dancing, street fighting, riding on and participating in roller coaster rides, theme parks and carnival observations. ... 2) Discussing How The Fair Highlighted The Imperialism of The Late Nineteenth Century And How The Anglo Saxon Culture of The West Tried To Dominate The Culture of The Rest of The World Through Colonization It is a fact that the fair highlighted the imperialism of the 19th century. The Anglo Saxon culture of the West tried to dominate the culture of the rest of the world through colonization by using superior weapons that they had acquired from their industrial revolution and development that took place before the close of the 20th century. With these superior weapons, colonial masters were able to safely travel the world in search of more colonies, and to bring the autochthones into capitulation, whenever the two groups came across each other. It is the same technological advancement that helped the Anglo Saxon culture of the West entrench the unequal relations between themselves and their colonies. Particularly, the technological advancement allowed the Anglo Saxons to extract resou rces from colonies and transport them to the United Kingdom for processing and use. In another wavelength, the fair highlights how the Anglo Saxon culture of the West tried to dominate other cultures through colonization through the use of the concept of socio-cultural atavism. Because of being technologically endowed, the Anglo Saxon felt that it was more culturally advanced and that in this respect; it had the mandate and call to bring other societies that were perceived to be uncivilized, into civilization. Interestingly, colonialism was to be the conduit and model through which this civilization of colonies was to be socio-culturally emancipated. Conversely, the Anglo Saxons of

change management: Resistance

change management: Resistance Chapter 2 A Review of the Literature 2.1. Introduction This part will focus on how to overcome resistance to change. We will discuss theories on resistance to change and any other theory related to change management. The notion of change is something that we are facing everyday in our life; it is therefore the only constant. Change process can take gradual, rapid or radical form. Society is made up of human beings as well as inanimate organisms are subject to change over time. Environment is the only factor that is subject to and the only thing that does not change is the change itself. Change always affects employees in the organisation, therefore it is important to manage it successfully in order to avoid a failure of change or resistance to change. The change concept was studied by Authors like: Lewin, Trist, Hardy, Nieto and more. Nieto (2006) highlighted that a good definition of change is where the refreezing stage of Lewins model is no longer an option because nowadays change is faster in the twenty first century, there is no need to refreeze or you will be left behind by the competition. 2.2. A Review of the Literature If we conduct a survey we will find out that many employees have a negative attitude, behaviour and perceptions towards change. Employees feel more insecure about their jobs, status and also the fear of doing more work. Very often, the impacts of change on employees in the organisation are negative. There are fears, stress, frustration and resistance of change. Therefore most employees tend to resist to the change and change is always first resisted than accepted or seeing as an opportunity for improvement. Change, as death and taxes cannot be avoid, is it necessary bad? Even though uncomfortable and embarrassing, change can also be positive. The marriage, the birth of a child and a promotion are examples of change, very often we are happy and therefore it can be easily accepted rather than the negatives one like the divorce and the death. Good or bad, any change that happens whether to a person or inside an organisation requires adaptation and management. Nothing is unchangeable, even organizations are required to change. It is important to know understand why people resist change, to support those who cannot cope with change by motivating and coaching them and also handling the problems that change brings. Organisations are dynamic entities. They are changing all the time as they develop their operations and outputs in the pursuit of efficiency and effectiveness. The management of change is concerned with how change is effected in organizations and the principles and processes are essentially the same whether applied to the resign of the working practices of one section or the re-specification of the whole organisation and management structure According to Balogun et al (1999) change management is fast becoming one of the most talked about topics in management circles. Discussions about organizational change often focus on how important it is for organizations or individual managers to possess a capacity in this area. Likewise, business school courses on strategic change stress that change competence is fast becoming a key promotion differentiator within a managers toolbox. 2.3. Change management According to Ventris (2004), change management is all about inspirational leadership, detailed planning and rigorous, comprehensive implementation. A successful change management programme can be helpful to establish a continuous change in the organisation. But the most important thing is to make people realizing the value of change. Once people and have good experience about change management, and recognize the need for almost continuous change. As William Shakespeare said Things must change or cease. This sentence illustrates what has been said before about the Constance of change. Organisational change is a modification to employee attitudes, expectations, and skills (Robertson, Roberts, and Porras, 1993), it can also be a deliberate introduction of new ways of thinking, acting and operating ( Shalk, Campbell and Freese, 1998). The general aim of organizational change is an adaptation to the environment ( Barr, Stimpert and Huff, 1992; Leava and Barry, 2000) or an improvement in performance (Boeker, 1997; Keck and Tushman, 1993) This definition shows the importance of culture on change management, for the management to be able to implement these changes successfully, they will require changing the organizational culture which is not something easy to accomplish. Therefore by change employees attitudes, expectation and kills as suggested by many authors it will be necessary to make sure they adapt to the new environment and improve their performance which will also improve the organisational performance. Organisational change involves moving from the known to the unknown. Because the future is not certain and may affect employees performance, worth, and coping abilities, people inside the organisation do not want change unless they are forced to do so. It will be therefore important to create readiness for change. Implementing change in an organisation involves moving from the existing organisation state to the desired future state. (Cummings and Worley 2005) Change is omnipresent in society, and can occur in many forms. It is not a new phenomenon. Many Authors have developed a model of change process as it was argued by Moorhead and Griffin (2004) cited by McKenna (2006), that an alternative model of lewins process model will be the continuous change process model, which incorporates facets of the Lewin model. It is considered more realistic because it studies the change in an organisation from the top and recognizes that change is continuous. It is not good enough for an organisation to change; it must try to anticipate it as well by being proactive. This would require the planning of organisational change as part of the organisational strategy. According to McLagan ( 2003), managing changes as they emerge is not enough nowadays. As the number and complexity of changes increasing, it is time to plan and rethink about the structure of the organisation. It is time to accept the change in our life and move along with it, avoid doing business as usual or staying in the status quo. It is time to look at how the organisation is running its daily activities so that it is not a case of constantly trying to override the usual organisational processes. Such approach requires a structural and mental regesign of the organisation. The author emphasizes that change should not be managed during a period of crises or when strategies shift. It is a continuous challenge and condition in organisational life. A successful change management depends on how ready is the organisation to change its culture that is the attitude and the behaviour of members of the organisation. It is pointless to have only a part the employees who agree to the proposed changes. The aim of the executives is to ensure that all employees in the organisation are accepting the desired changes. The biggest motivator is to see other people embrace change management and witness the successful implementation of the companys vision. 2.3.1 The importance of change Change will always be there and will not disappear. Technology, civilizations and creative thought will keep their ever- accelerating drive onwards. It could be argued that change has almost become a continuous routine. (Luecke, 2003) Change management plays a significant role in any organisation since the task of handling change is not an easy one. Managing change in this case, mean making change in a planned way. Changes involve more challenge and life without challenge can become boring, therefore it is important to notice any small change because it will create an impact inside the organisation. The speed of change has increased significantly. Managers and the organisations they work for will be judged by their ability to manage change successfully. Unfortunately, for the managers of the early twenty-first century their ability to cope with complex change situations will be judged over ever decreasing time scales. Change is important because it enables to business managers to be more effective as a leader and sponsor of change. Knowing the importance of change will also enable you to prevent and manage resistance to change, decrease the cost, avoid unnecessary turnover and increase the probability that your business changes produce the desired results.( Hiatt, J and Creasey, 2003) As change is essential in an organisation, it is crucial to continue to improve and sustaining the change. The results about the organisational leaderships ability to continue and sustain performance improvement will be observed after a long period of time. Schein (2004 and Kotler (1995, 1996) have suggested that change is only Sustainable, when the organisational culture will match the new ways of thinking. These new ways of thinking must reflect the new behaviors and approaches that Become institutionalized. Change is important in any organisation and it contributes to its success, but the people perceive it in a different way, some employees might resist the change in a passive way or in the opposite way. 2.4. Types of change Change is inevitable in an organisation. Different types of change require different strategy strategies to implement the change successfully. According to Dessler(2004) there are four types of change which are: strategic change, technological change, structural change and people/Behavioural/Cultural change. Strategic change could be one option. For example, a company can face declining profits and decide to adopt this kind of change. This type of changes are usually triggered outside the company. External threats or challenges, such as deregulation, intensified global competition, and dramatic technological innovation like the internet generally make organisation to embark on companywide, strategic change. Strategic changes are often required for survival. For example researchers discovered that implementing strategic change did not necessary lead to success, but companies which did not change failed to survive. Another types of strategic changes will the one implemented during a crisis period, these types of change are highly risky. Technological change is the second basic approach of Desslers type of change. It means bringing change in the way the company is creating and marketing its products or services. Here, for example, the owner of a small farm might want to improve the productivity by buying new machines, training employees to use the new machines and also modifying the relationship between employees and their physical environment. Structural change is all about modifying the organisational structure or it is about how to reorganize. Structural change means changing one or several aspects of the companys organisation structures.( Here, for example, GEs new CEO, Jeffrey Immelt, recently reorganized his firms huge GE Capital division. He broke it into four divisions, with their four managers reporting directly to him rather than to the former GE Capital head) Structural change can also be applied by downsizing, recruiting or replacing. Or managers can change the firms infrastructure by changing its policies, procedures, and rules. People/Behavioural/Cultural change This is the last approach; strategic, technical and structural changes invariably trigger various changes in the behavioural side of the firm, including the employees attitudes, values, and skills to the job. This type of change is very difficult to manage because it is related to people and people always resist change, culture is hard to change. Some Authors have also discussed about other types of change. According to the punctuated equilibrium paradigm, incremental change is associated with those periods when the industry is in equilibrium, and the focus is doing things better through a process of continuous tinkering, adaptation and modification. Nadler and Tushman (1995) argue that incremental changes are not always about small changes. They can be large in terms of both the resources needed and the impact on people. A key point of this type of change is that is builds on what has already been accomplished and focuses on the continuous improvement. According to the gradualist paradigm incremental change can be cumulative and, over time, can lead to an organisation transforming its deep structures and reinventing itself. Transformational change is another type of change and it occurs during periods of instability. This kind of change can be referred to be revolutionary, but most writers- for example Tichy and Devenna (1986), Kotter (1999) and Burke and Litwin (1992) use the term transformational change. It involves a break with the past, a step function change rather than an extrapolation of past patterns of change and development. It is applied on new relationships and dynamics within the industry that may undermine core competencies, and try to know the very purpose of the organisation. This king of change involves doing things in a different way or doing different things. Transformational change is change which cannot be handled within the existing paradigm and the organisational routines; it entails a change in the taken-for-granted assumptions and the way of doing things around here. Nadler and Tushman have summarized the work of Tushman and colleagues, and the studies suggest that continuous incremental and discontinuous transformational change are faced by most companies but that: ââ€" ª This pattern of change keep on coming with some degree of regularity ââ€" ª Patterns change across sectors (e.g. periods of discontinuity may follow a thirty-year cycle in mini computers) ââ€" ª in almost all industries the rate of change is increasing and the time between periods of discontinuity is decreasing. The Authors also suggest that this holds true whether the focus is episodic or continuous change, and they propose that the ideal company in both cases would look like the successful self-organising firms that have been studied by Brown and Eisenhardt in the computer industry. There are three main categories of organisations that may not experience periods of discontinuous change; the self-organising and continuous changing learning organisation, companies that operate in the niche markets and last organisations that are able to continue functioning without transformating themselves. Weick and Quinn (1999) and Gersick (1991) Combining the incremental change and the transformational change which have been discussed so far- the extent to which change involves incremental adjustment or transformational change- provides a useful typology of organisational change (see Figure xxx). Nadler et al. (1995) also identify four types of change: Tuning is a type of change that occurs when there is no rush to change. It involves looking for better alternatives of achieving and defending the strategic vision. Here, for example, improving policies, methods, procedures; introducing new technologies; redesigning processes cost or developing people with required competencies. Adaptation is an incremental and adaptive response to a pressing external demand for change. It might involve responding to a successful new marketing strategy adopted by a competitor or to a change depending on the availability of the resource. Re-orientation involves a re-definition of the enterprise. It is introduced in anticipation of future opportunities or issues. The aim is to ensure that the firm will be aligned and successful in the future. Re-creation is a reactive change that leads to the transformation of the organisation or the restructuring through the fast and simultaneous change of all its basic elements. The Authors state that it inevitably involves a break down and destruction of some elements of the system. 2.5. Change process theory This theory as formulated by Lewin (1948) called force field analysis states that change can be divided into three stages namely; unfreezing phase when people realize that the old ways of doing things is no longer an option due to crisis, threats or opportunities; changing phase when people look for new way of doing things and select a promising approach; refreezing phase when people implement new approach as it becomes established. The problem for many organisations is not that they need to change, but that they do not see the need for change. This is especially true for organisations which have been successful in the past and cannot see why they should change what they see as a winning formula that everyone has become safe and comfortable with. By looking at the position of leadership towards change, the theorist states that leader can achieve change by either of the following two actions: to approach it by increasing the driving forces towards change through increase in incentives, use of position power to force change or to approach a change by reducing the restraining forces that create resistance to change, e.g. reducing fear of failure or economic loss, co-opt or remove opponents. Or using dual approach, which is a combination of the two approaches. Considerable research in the process of change management has been conducted in the work of Lewin, his model focused on changing the behaviour of groups, involves actions beginning in phases over time. The unfreezing stage according to Schein (2004) is about improving motivation and getting ready for the change, the changing stage is when the change is implemented, and the refreezing stage involves reinforcing and integrating the change. One of a popular model in the business literature about the change process has been developed by Kotters (1995, 1996) into an eight-step process for leading change management: (1) the first step is about establishing a sense of urgency, (2) forming a guiding coalition, (3) creating a vision, (4) communicating that vision, (5) empowering individuals to act and removing obstacles, (6) creating short-term wins, (7) consolidating improvements and creating more change, and lastly (8) institutionalizing new approaches. 2.6. The impact of change on organisational members The theory of reaction to change process describes how people in organisations react to an imposed change, is founded upon the typical sequence of peoples reaction to sudden traumatic events like death of loved ones, marriage collapse or natural disaster. The four stages of reaction pattern, which also happen during organisational change are: denial- deny the change is necessary; anger- get angry and look for someone to blame; mourning- stop denying that change is inevitable, acknowledge the loss and mourn it; adaptation- accept the need to change and go on with ones life. There is a related opinion regarding the effect of experiencing a repeated traumatic change has on different people. One effect of such repeated change is to leave people less resilient and more vulnerable to adverse effect from subsequent change. Another effect of repeated traumatic event can inoculate and leave them better prepared to change again without such an intense or prolonged period or adjustment. Repeated change can make some people more resilient and others less resilient. It is over thirty-five years since Toffer has published his book on Future Shock in which he discussed three aspects of change and assumed about the impact it will have on people. Toffer (1970) suggests that future shock is similar to culture shock, but with a crucial difference- there is no going back. If people find it hard to adapt to a new culture there is often an alternative to go back to the old culture, however this option is not possible with future shock. For example, if emigrants fail to settle in a new country it may be possible for them to return home. The management of change poses many challenges for managers. Burnes (2005) observes that: Managing and changing organisations appears to be getting more rather less difficult, and more rather than less important. Given the quickly changing environment in which firms operate, there is a small doubt that the capacity to manage change successfully needs to be a core competence for organisations. 2.7. The benefits for change According to Bradley (2006), changes must be well designed and managed in order to generate benefits which the author refers to benefits not generated, but removed from budgets. One realization can be made by a team effort; achieving benefits and agreed targets needs team effort. The author defines benefit as something that can be related to a cost reduction or increase revenue. A better definition of a benefit is an outcome of change which is perceived as positive by stakeholder. Changes consume resources, cost money, and need managing. Benefits are the outcomes, which cannot be directly made to happen and have no direct cost. The benefits of change can be also well explained by elaborating the following characteristics of an effective change management team which has been developed by Kotter(1996) as follows: The team member must share a keen sense of discomfort with the inertia They should be in substantial agreement on a vision for the future The team should include people who represent diverse points of view They must have a good reputation in the firm They must be willing to demonstrate public support for the change The team must commit to being involved for the long-haul Enough of the key players in the organisation must actively support the change to legitimize the process 2.8. Theories of change 2.8.1 Lewins three step model of change Lewin ( has worked on assessing the extent to which organisational change might be resisted by members of the organisation as we saw earlier when considering force field analysis in the change process. In addition, his work on group dynamics has resulted in what is known as Lewins three step model, which is usually used in change programmes. Introducing a programme of change into an organisation tends to arouse expectations in those involved; thus a subsequent failure to come up with the goods can lead to a state worse than it was before the innovation, because of these hopes and expectations not being realized. Thus Lewin considered that attention should not simply be made on the change itself, but should address what happens both before and after. The process of change should be implemented into three steps according to Lewin (1951) which are: Unfreezinf, changing and refreezing. The first step is unfreezing, where the motivation for change in the workforce is created. It is important to move the organisation away from its current position. This step is often not taking into consideration and is related with dividing old patterns of behaviour. People must be given reasons about the change and a good communication should be created before the implementation of change. To unfreeze the resistance to change, managers must increase the tension and dissatisfaction with the present, and improve the desirability and feasibility of the alternative. This stage takes more time because people have to change attitudes and behaviour. People do not like change because they are comfortable with old habits and it is important to consult them, let them know adopt the project as their own. To avoid resistance to change, we must encourage the staff, discuss and explain them the reasons for change. Once employees are aware, and have accepted the need for change, we can now move to the second stage. Changing is the second step where we have to identify the new behaviour, process or procedure and also encouraging individuals to adopt the new behaviour. It involves the development of new responses by the personel, based on the new information being made available to them and moving towards the new culture as necessary to fit strategic requirements of the organisation. At this stage it is important to make sure that there is a successful implementation of change, we also monitor the change and find out how people are feeling about their team. Refreezing is the final stage and we need to reinforce the changes made and stabilize the new culture in order to avoid people to go back to their old habits. At this stage, motivating employees by incentives will occur in the form of praise or reward for adapting to the new culture. The process as a whole is achieved through leadership, communication, education and training. In the twenty-first century it will be difficult to implement the refreezing stage, the term refreezing need a critical evaluation. The slush model was introduced by Nieto (2006), where he stated that changes in technology, employees, tasks and structure are more frequent. Organisations should have a flexible structure as having employee who is always been learning. The motivation of employees by using incentives will be a good idea. Refreezing is no longer an option because in this century, the change is moving faster than before, there is no need to refreeze otherwise you will be left behind by your competitors. Lewins model has been developed by edgar Schein through the integration of the latters perception of the response to change involving seven stages. This is known as the three conditions change model. See figurexxxx!!!!!!!! 2.8.2 Interrelationship of change The interrelationship of change or Trist model was developed by Trist (1981), this model helps to understand the interconnection of activities that influence change in organisations. It is important for the HR to understand because the model can be applies to our attention on the influence that changes in a firms activities can have on employees. For example a change of technology would lead to training people, changing task and the structure of the organisation, all elements are interconnected that means one element affects the others. Reid and Barrington (2000), argues the sociotechnical model suggests that management should learn how to understand and cope to changing relationships between people, tasks, technology and structure. It is therefore helpful to review the kinds of internal changes which have occurred in the organisation and to what extent to appropriate HR initiatives have been put in place to prepare employees to cope with the new technology but neglected to invest sufficiently in staff training, it is likely to be as effective as planned. Deciding what to change is very important for the organisation, it means any change should be planned effectively. The managers change programme can aim to alter one of the four basic things: the firms strategy, technology, structure and people/behaviour/culture. For example an organisation can change its strategy when the profit is declining. Technological change is a second basic approach and it means changing the way the firm innovates and markets its products or services. Structural change means changing one or more aspects of the companys organisation structure. Reorganizing is a familiar organisational change technique in todays fast-changing times. Dessler (2004) 2.9. Resistance to change Change can create uncertainty and therefore lead to personal insecurity. Therefore, we are not surprised to notice resistance to change within organisations. An organizational change, such as being promoted, is mostly accepted, simply because it is perceived to have obvious advantages. But not all changes fit into this category. Where changes create confusion and uncertainty, then resistance is likely to take place; the resistance is not to change as such- rather it is to the personal loss (or possibility of personal loss) that people believe will accompany the change (Burke, 1982). 2.9.1 Reasons for resistance (1) Perceived negative outcomes Employees are resisting to the change most of time because they perceive it as a negative outcome. According to Manfred (1995) change is creating a multitude of fears, of the unknown, of loss of freedom, of loss of status or position, of loss of authority and responsibility, and loss of good working conditions and money. This can be summarised as being in the comfort zone. People do not like change; they like staying in the same position and keep on doing the same old things. Once any change is introduced it will automatically create a resistance because it does not allow them to be in a comfort zone. Before undertaking any change management exercise, managers must identify where the changes will occur in the organisation and also anticipate how the change will affect employees in their job. After an economic assessment of the proposed change, managers will highlight the nature of the changes that need to be made for the benefits to be realized. (Berry 2002) (2) Fear of more work By introducing new changes it creates the fear of more work and less performance by employees, there is fear that additional work will be required at the same level of compensation. Change mostly involves additional work, change of culture and responsibility. We can also face some changes on the working hours, possible relocation, working condition, technology and more. As people fear of additional work, we will notice that people always resist change; Strebel (1996) argues that resistance to change is based on the disturbance of an employers implied pact with the company. This pack is formed of cultural values, job description and social dimensions. (3) Misunderstanding and lack of trust This is a situation when the people affected do not understand the real reasons and benefits of the change and mistrust the management who are introducing the change. They often do not believe what the management says and believe that they have secret ulterior motives. This may be because the management can access too many information than the people affected. This situation is commun in any organisation which have been organised traditionally on antagonistic industrial relations lines and have developed an us and them culture. Nowadays, most organisations try to engender a harmonious spirit which sees everyone as having a common interest, but for organisations which have a long history of conflict this is not something which is easily changed. The lack of trust is due to imaginary hidden implications; we can also list other elements that caused the resistance of change like: belief that change is not necessary or feasible, economic threat, relative high cost, fear of personal failure, loss of status and power and lastly threat to values and ideals. Kotter and Schlesinger (1979) (4) Lack of communication Communication is the exchange of information in an organisation. For organisations to work effectively, it is vital that information be communicated to those who need